{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T02:03:12Z","timestamp":1788832992187,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 HD101442-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 HD101442-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007812","name":"University of Washington","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007812","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T11:05:45Z","timestamp":1659611145000},"page":"107438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Lead exposure and antisocial behavior: A systematic review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna E.","family":"Forsyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Till","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirstin","family":"Hester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Haddock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Strawbridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles C.","family":"Lanfear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Kirrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00814","article-title":"Lead and juvenile delinquency: new evidence from linked birth, school, and juvenile detention records","volume":"101","author":"Aizer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.07.008","article-title":"Early lead exposure (< 3 years old) prospectively predicts fourth grade school suspension in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA)","volume":"126","author":"Amato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0015","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5\u00ae) ed^eds","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.32","article-title":"Using logic models to capture complexity in systematic reviews","volume":"2","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Synthesis Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.06.032","article-title":"Tooth matrix analysis for biomonitoring of organic chemical exposure: Current status, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"142","author":"Andra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00424","article-title":"Comorbidity","volume":"40","author":"Angold","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10333-010-0205-7","article-title":"Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil and countermeasures in Japan","volume":"8","author":"Arao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paddy Water Environ,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0040","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2020. Toxicological Profile for Lead."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7917","article-title":"A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to lead: advantages, limitations, and future needs","volume":"113","author":"Barbosa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.4005","article-title":"Association of childhood blood lead levels with criminal offending","volume":"172","author":"Beckley","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001419","article-title":"PRISMA for abstracts: reporting systematic reviews in journal and conference abstracts","volume":"10","author":"Beller","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.05.014","article-title":"A developmental perspective on early-life exposure to neurotoxicants","volume":"94","author":"Bellinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66915-2","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"366","author":"Biederman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.023","article-title":"The intersection of aggregate-level lead exposure and crime","volume":"148","author":"Boutwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2009.07.007","article-title":"Altered myelination and axonal integrity in adults with childhood lead exposure: a diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"30","author":"Brubaker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2014.08.002","article-title":"Blood lead levels in Mexico and pediatric burden of disease implications","volume":"80","author":"Caravanos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000080","article-title":"Combating the sting of rejection with the pleasure of revenge: A new look at how emotion shapes aggression","volume":"112","author":"Chester","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2006.11.003","article-title":"Reward system and addiction: what dopamine does and doesn\u2019t do","volume":"7","author":"Di Chiara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot\u2013based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2016.10.015","article-title":"The global burden of lead toxicity attributable to informal used lead-acid battery sites","volume":"82","author":"Ericson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e145","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30278-3","article-title":"Blood lead levels in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Ericson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planetary Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-009-0114-9","article-title":"Soil contamination by organic and inorganic pollutants at the regional scale: the case of Piedmont, Italy","volume":"10","author":"Fabietti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eeh.2016.03.002","article-title":"Lead exposure and violent crime in the early twentieth century","volume":"62","author":"Feigenbaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Explor. Econ. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.072827","article-title":"Dentine lead levels in childhood and criminal behaviour in late adolescence and early adulthood","volume":"62","author":"Fergusson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108722","article-title":"Turmeric means \u201cyellow\u201d in Bengali: Lead chromate pigments added to turmeric threaten public health across Bangladesh","volume":"179","author":"Forsyth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11429","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b00744","article-title":"Sources of blood lead exposure in rural Bangladesh","volume":"53","author":"Forsyth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.295","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analyses of lead (Pb) concentrations in environmental media (soil, dust, water, food, and air) reported in the United States from 1996 to 2016","volume":"694","author":"Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-013-0427-7","article-title":"Antisocial personality disorder: a current review","volume":"15","author":"Glenn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3996","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0151-19.2019","article-title":"Animal models of (or for) aggression reward, addiction, and relapse: behavior and circuits","volume":"39","author":"Golden","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0150","first-page":"97","article-title":"Evidence that lead acts as a calcium substitute in second messenger metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Goldstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.01.009","article-title":"Lead and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms: a meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Goodlad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8722-4-51","article-title":"Ayurvedic herbal medicine and lead poisoning","volume":"4","author":"Gunturu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.303003","article-title":"Elevated blood lead levels in children associated with the Flint drinking water crisis: a spatial analysis of risk and public health response","volume":"106","author":"Hanna-Attisha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0170","series-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions ed^eds","author":"Higgins","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0175","series-title":"Causes of delinquency","author":"Hirschi","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2307\/2094556","article-title":"Intelligence and delinquency: a revisionist review","author":"Hirschi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01311-2","article-title":"Frontal white matter microstructure, aggression, and impulsivity in men with schizophrenia: a preliminary study","volume":"52","author":"Hoptman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000000876","article-title":"A spoonful of lead: a 10-year look at spices as a potential source of lead exposure","volume":"25","author":"Hore","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Public Health Manage. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105623","article-title":"SWIFT-active screener: accelerated document screening through active learning and integrated recall estimation","volume":"138","author":"Howard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A599","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.021100599","article-title":"The prevalence of lead-based paint hazards in US housing","volume":"110","author":"Jacobs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43002","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43002","article-title":"Reduced white matter integrity in antisocial personality disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2008.05.010","article-title":"The effects of environmental neurotoxicants on the dopaminergic system: A possible role in drug addiction","volume":"76","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0215","article-title":"Measuring lead effects: blood and bone together are better","author":"Josephson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Natl. Institue Environ. Health Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsv015","article-title":"White matter microstructure in the executive network associated with aggression in healthy adolescents and young adults","volume":"10","author":"Karlsgodt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Cognitive Affective Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6525e1","article-title":"Blood lead levels among children aged< 6 years\u2014Flint, Michigan, 2013\u20132016","volume":"65","author":"Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22448","article-title":"Lead exposure in US worksites: a literature review and development of an occupational lead exposure database from the published literature","volume":"58","author":"Koh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/115.6.521","article-title":"Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations< 10 microg\/dL in US children and adolescents","volume":"115","author":"Lanphear","year":"2000","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7688","article-title":"Low-level environmental lead exposure and children\u2019s intellectual function: an international pooled analysis","volume":"113","author":"Lanphear","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0245","first-page":"1866","article-title":"Triangulation in aetiological epidemiology","volume":"45","author":"Lawlor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.06.025","article-title":"The estimated atmospheric lead emissions in China, 1990\u20132009","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4760","DOI":"10.1021\/es9039665","article-title":"Lead in children\u2019s blood is mainly caused by coal-fired ash after phasing out of leaded gasoline in Shanghai","volume":"44","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg014","article-title":"Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates","volume":"126","author":"Lidsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Light, R.J., Pillemer, D.B., 1984. Summing up: the science of reviewing research.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674040243"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1257\/000282804322970751","article-title":"The effect of education on crime: Evidence from prison inmates, arrests, and self-reports","volume":"94","author":"Lochner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409990083","article-title":"The stability of psychopathy across adolescence","volume":"21","author":"Lynam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.102.2.187","article-title":"Explaining the relation between IQ and delinquency: Class, race, test motivation, school failure, or self-control?","volume":"102","author":"Lynam","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033142","article-title":"Molecular targets of lead in brain neurotoxicity","volume":"5","author":"Marchetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/15374411003591455","article-title":"Lead and conduct problems: a meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Marcus","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolescent Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001402","article-title":"Adolescent conduct problems and premature mortality: follow-up to age 65 years in a national birth cohort","volume":"44","author":"Maughan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.002","article-title":"The cost of crime to society: New crime-specific estimates for policy and program evaluation","volume":"108","author":"McCollister","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820400095921","article-title":"Rethinking the IQ-delinquency relationship: a longitudinal analysis of multiple theoretical models","volume":"21","author":"McGloin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Justice Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7038","article-title":"Inhibition of Ape1 nuclease activity by lead, iron, and cadmium","volume":"112","author":"McNeill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.03.005","article-title":"The urban rise and fall of air lead (Pb) and the latent surge and retreat of societal violence","volume":"43","author":"Mielke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2014.01.009","article-title":"Assessment of agricultural soil contamination by potentially toxic metals dispersed from improperly disposed tailings, Kombat mine, Namibia","volume":"144","author":"Mileusni\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geochemical Exploration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003231","article-title":"A geospatial analysis of the effects of aviation gasoline on childhood blood lead levels","volume":"119","author":"Miranda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1086\/449165","article-title":"The neuropsychology of juvenile delinquency: A critical review","volume":"12","author":"Moffitt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Crime Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.674","article-title":"Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy","volume":"100","author":"Moffitt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0345","series-title":"Review of U.S. EPA's ORD Staff Handbook for Developing IRIS Assessments: 2020 Version ed^eds","author":"National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine (NASEM)","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.12.050191.000551","article-title":"The health effects of low level exposure to lead","volume":"12","author":"Needleman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440050067035","article-title":"Low-level lead exposure and the IQ of children: a meta-analysis of modern studies","volume":"263","author":"Needleman","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.06.033","article-title":"Blood lead levels in children after phase-out of leaded gasoline in Bombay, India","volume":"363","author":"Nichani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02135.x","article-title":"Confirmation and extension of association of blood lead with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD symptom domains at population-typical exposure levels","volume":"51","author":"Nigg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5620\/eht.e2017019","article-title":"Longitudinal trends of blood lead levels before and after leaded gasoline regulation in Korea","volume":"32","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2009.12.003","article-title":"Surface dental enamel lead levels and antisocial behavior in Brazilian adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Olympio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0380","first-page":"284","article-title":"The decline in blood lead levels in the United States","volume":"272","author":"Pirkle","year":"1994","journal-title":"The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30105-6","article-title":"Patterns of Psychiatric Comorbidity with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"9","author":"Pliszka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1019-y","article-title":"Risk-taking behavior in attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a review of potential underlying mechanisms and of interventions","volume":"21","author":"Pollak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00447","article-title":"Violence as a source of pleasure or displeasure is associated with specific functional connectivity with the nucleus accumbens","volume":"7","author":"Porges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0375-5","article-title":"Altered white-matter microstructure in conduct disorder is specifically associated with elevated callous-unemotional traits","volume":"46","author":"Puzzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00034","article-title":"Annotation: The role of prefrontal deficits, low autonomic arousal, and early health factors in the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children","volume":"43","author":"Raine","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6603a1","article-title":"Childhood blood lead levels in children aged< 5 years\u2014United States, 2009\u20132014","volume":"66","author":"Raymond","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Surveillance Summaries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01542-z","article-title":"PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Rethlefsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Systematic Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1111\/ecin.12202","article-title":"Lead exposure and behavior: effects on antisocial and risky behavior among children and adolescents","volume":"53","author":"Reyes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Econ. Inq."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.3.490","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies","volume":"128","author":"Rhee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/rssa.12275","article-title":"A re-evaluation of fixed effect(s) meta-analysis","volume":"181","author":"Rice","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Roy. Statistical Soc.: Ser. A (Statistics Soc.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1742-1","article-title":"Self-administration of heroin in rats: effects of low-level lead exposure during gestation and lactation","volume":"174","author":"Rocha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz131","article-title":"The problem with mechanistic risk of bias assessments in evidence synthesis of observational studies and a practical alternative: assessing the impact of specific sources of potential bias","volume":"188","author":"Savitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(97)00006-9","article-title":"Lead induced rise in intracellular free calcium is mediated through activation of protein kinase C in osteoblastic bone cells","volume":"1360","author":"Schanne","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5496","article-title":"Improving and expanding estimates of the global burden of disease due to environmental health risk factors","volume":"127","author":"Shaffer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2017.10.009","article-title":"Reducing occupational lead exposures: Strengthened standards for a healthy workforce","volume":"69","author":"Shaffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0460","first-page":"349","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P), elaboration and explanation","volume":"2015","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0465","first-page":"77","article-title":"Lead-calcium interactions in cellular lead toxicity","volume":"14","author":"Simons","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1239","article-title":"Major limitations in using element concentrations in hair as biomarkers of exposure to toxic and essential trace elements in children","volume":"125","author":"Skr\u00f6der","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP6980","article-title":"Risk of Bias Assessments and Evidence Syntheses for Observational Epidemiologic Studies of Environmental and Occupational Exposures: Strengths and Limitations","volume":"128","author":"Steenland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2014.06.020","article-title":"Inconspicuous waste heaps left by historical Zn\u2013Pb mining are hot spots of soil contamination","volume":"235","author":"Stefanowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.8371","article-title":"Violence in the United States: Status, Challenges, and Opportunities","volume":"314","author":"Sumner","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0122-3","article-title":"The relationship between atmospheric lead emissions and aggressive crime: an ecological study","volume":"15","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6","article-title":"Heavy metal toxicity and the environment","author":"Tchounwou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1021\/es990231+","article-title":"Effects of reducing lead in gasoline: an analysis of the international experience","volume":"33","author":"Thomas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0505","first-page":"553","article-title":"Lead water pipes and infant mortality at the turn of the twentieth century","volume":"43","author":"Troesken","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hum. Resources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-380858-5.00007-1","article-title":"Human aggression across the lifespan: genetic propensities and environmental moderators","volume":"75","author":"Tuvblad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0515","unstructured":"U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013. Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Lead."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0520","unstructured":"UNICEF & Pure Earth, 2020. The Toxic Truth: Children\u2019s exposure to lead pollution undermines a generation of future potential."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0525","series-title":"ORD Staff Handbook for Developing IRIS Assessments (Public Comment Draft, Nov 2020)","author":"US EPA","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0530","series-title":"Minerals yearbook: lead (advance release)","author":"USGS","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.1.149","article-title":"The evidence for a neurobiological model of childhood antisocial behavior","volume":"133","author":"Van Goozen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0540","first-page":"153","article-title":"Metal interactions with voltage-and receptor-activated ion channels","volume":"102","author":"Vijverberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.01.014","article-title":"White-matter tract abnormalities and antisocial behavior: a systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging studies across development","volume":"14","author":"Waller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.08.038","article-title":"Adverse health effects of lead exposure on children and exploration to internal lead indicator","volume":"407","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105926","article-title":"Recommendations for the conduct of systematic reviews in toxicology and environmental health research (COSTER)","volume":"143","author":"Whaley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0560","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO), 2010. Childhood lead poisoning."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0565","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO), 2020. Briefe guide to analytical methods for measuring lead in blood, 2nd edition."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303903","article-title":"From lead exposure in early childhood to adolescent health: a Chicago birth cohort","volume":"107","author":"Winter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050101","article-title":"Association of prenatal and childhood blood lead concentrations with criminal arrests in early adulthood","volume":"5","author":"Wright","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2021.106960","article-title":"Developmental lead exposure and adult criminal behavior: a 30-year prospective birth cohort study","volume":"85","author":"Wright","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(08)62101-4","article-title":"Heavy metal contamination and source in arid agricultural soil in central Gansu Province, China","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412022003658?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412022003658?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T12:22:05Z","timestamp":1758975725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412022003658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["S0160412022003658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lead exposure and antisocial behavior: A systematic review protocol","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107438","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107438"}}