{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:24:07Z","timestamp":1789586647661,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T19:01:02Z","timestamp":1744398062000},"page":"109401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Chemical characterization of menstrual and intimate care products: An extractables &amp; leachables investigation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Quinten","family":"Marcelis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Deconinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Rogiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Demaegdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lanie Di","family":"Mario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Vanhaecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Desmedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison ME, Tyson N. Menstruation: Environmental impact and need for global health equity. Int J Gynaecol Obstet [Internet]. 2023 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Feb 2];160(2):378\u201382. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35781656\/.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14311"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0010","unstructured":"European Disposables and Nonwovens Association. Absorbent Hygiene Products. 2019."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0015","first-page":"e208","article-title":"FLOW (finding lasting options for women): multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing tampons with menstrual cups","volume":"57","author":"Howard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician [internet]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0020","unstructured":"CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 [Internet]. FDA; Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfcfr\/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=884.5400."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0025","unstructured":"5. PWC. The sexual wellness devices market. 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0030","unstructured":"Durex. durex 2005 sex survey. 2005."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s43591-023-00054-6","article-title":"Bringing sex toys out of the dark: exploring unmitigated risks","volume":"3","author":"Sipe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microplastics and Nanoplastics."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13919","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03838","article-title":"Occurrence and distribution of phthalates in sanitary napkins from six countries: implications for women\u2019s health","volume":"53","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2019.7785","article-title":"Exposure to volatile organic compounds and use of feminine hygiene products among reproductive-aged women in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Womens Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0050","first-page":"144","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in feminine hygiene products sold in the US market: a survey of products and health risks","volume":"1","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"issue":"192","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.09.054","article-title":"Rapid mapping of various chemicals in personal care and healthcare products by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry","volume":"15","author":"Kuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0060","article-title":"Exposure assessment to dioxins from the use of tampons and diapers [Internet]","volume":"110","author":"Devito","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives \u2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.07.020","article-title":"Risk assessment study of dioxins in sanitary napkins produced in Japan","volume":"70","author":"Ishii","year":"2014","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol [Internet]."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2019.1642607","article-title":"Risk assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detected in sanitary pads","volume":"82","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A [Internet]"},{"issue":"144","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0075","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in feminine hygiene products sold in the US market: a survey of products and health risks","volume":"1","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2019.7785","article-title":"Exposure to volatile organic compounds and use of feminine hygiene products among reproductive-aged women in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt) [Internet]."},{"issue":"136","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0085","article-title":"Phthalates, bisphenols, parabens, and triclocarban in feminine hygiene products from the United States and their implications for human exposure","volume":"1","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park CJ, Barakat R, Ulanov A, Li Z, Lin PC, Chiu K, et al. Sanitary pads and diapers contain higher phthalate contents than those in common commercial plastic products. Reproductive Toxicology [Internet]. 2019 Mar 1 [cited 2020 Feb 19];84:114\u201321. Available from: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0890623818302259.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2019.01.005"},{"issue":"190","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0095","article-title":"Tampons as a source of exposure to metal(loid)s","volume":"1","author":"Shearston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0100","unstructured":"European Commission. Regulation (EC) No 1223\/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on Cosmetic Products. Official Journal of the European Union 2018 p. 19\u201321."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0105","unstructured":"European Commission. Directive 2009\/48\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2009 on the safety of toys. 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0110","unstructured":"General Product Safety Directive | European Commission [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/general-product-safety-directive_en."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0115","unstructured":"European Commission. Regulation (EC) No 1907\/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999\/4 [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/en\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:02006R1907-20210215."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0120","unstructured":"FDA. Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff Menstrual Tampons and Pads\u00a0: Information for Premarket Notification Submissions (510 (k) s). FDA US Food & Drug Administration [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2022 Jan 31];510. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/menstrual-tampons-and-pads-information-premarket-notification-submissions-510ks-guidance-industry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0125","unstructured":"ISO 10993-12 Biological evaluation of medical devices \u2014 Part 12: Sample preparation and reference materials."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wehage K, Chenhansa P, Schoenung JM. An open framework for automated chemical hazard assessment based on GreenScreen for Safer Chemicals: A proof of concept. Integr Environ Assess Manag [Internet]. 2017 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Feb 2];13(1):167\u201376. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26887838\/.","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1763"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reif DM, Sypa M, Judson RR, Rusyn I. ToxPi GUI: an interactive visualization tool for transparent integration of data from diverse sources of evidence. Bioinformatics [Internet]. 2013 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Feb 2];29(3):402\u20133. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23202747\/.","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts686"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12001","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111112001","article-title":"A Chemical risk ranking and scoring method for the selection of harmful substances to be specially controlled in occupational environments","volume":"11","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health [internet]."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2021.02.004","article-title":"Development and application of a novel method to assess exposure levels of sensitizing and irritating substances leaching from menstrual hygiene products","volume":"1","author":"Marcelis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Contam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh J, Mumford SL, Pollack AZ, Schisterman EF, Weisskopf MG, Navas-acien A, et al., Tampon use , environmental chemicals and oxidative stress in the BioCycle study. 2019;1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0452-z"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0155","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in feminine hygiene products sold in the US market: A survey of products and health risks","volume":"144","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int [internet]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0160","unstructured":"Agence Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sanitaire de l\u2019Alimentation de l\u2019Environment et du Travail. ANSES Opinion on the safety of feminine hygiene products 2016-SA-0108. Maisons-Alfort; 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0165","unstructured":"Kemikalieinspektionen. Survey of hazardous chemical substances in feminine hygiene products. 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0170","unstructured":"European Commission. Regulation (EC) No 1223\/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products [Internet]. European Commission; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:02009R1223-20190813&from=EN."},{"issue":"651","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.015","article-title":"Overview of known plastic packaging-associated chemicals and their hazards","volume":"15","author":"Groh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0180","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Meeting (2011 February 15-22\u00a0: Lyon F, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Some Chemicals Present in Industrial and Consumer Products, Food and Drinking-water. International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013. 586 p."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2019.1618680","article-title":"Perspectives on trace chemical safety and chemophobia: risk communication and risk management","volume":"82","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A [internet]."},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2020.1780174","article-title":"Risk communication for labeling all ingredients in consumer products","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part A: Current Issues."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0195","unstructured":"Commission Regulation (EU) No 10\/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32011R0010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0200","unstructured":"41. Wijnhoven S, Ezendam J, Schuur A, Loveren H Van, Engelen J Van. Allergens in consumer products. 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0205","series-title":"Contact allergy to fragrance substances \u2013 epidemiological aspects and experimental investigations","author":"Bennike","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang Z, Chai M, Cheng J, Wang Y, Huang Q. Occurrence and Distribution of Phthalates in Sanitary Napkins from Six Countries: Implications for Women\u2019s Health. Environ Sci Technol [Internet]. 2019 Dec 3 [cited 2023 Oct 29];53(23):13919\u201328. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31694371\/.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03838"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0215","unstructured":"44. Nilsson NH, Malmgren-Hansen B, Bernth N, Pedersen EN, Pommer K. Survey and health assesment of chemicals substances in sex toys. In 2006. Available from: https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:130202532."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2007.05.005","article-title":"Sponge-associated marine bacteria as indicators of heavy metal pollution","volume":"164","author":"Selvin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol Res."}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412025001527?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412025001527?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T04:34:00Z","timestamp":1777955640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412025001527"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0160412025001527"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Chemical characterization of menstrual and intimate care products: An extractables & leachables investigation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109401","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109401"}}