{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:11:37Z","timestamp":1792681897526,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T19:00:53Z","timestamp":1745607653000},"page":"109482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on cancer in laboratory animal studies, a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"199","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8766-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meike","family":"Mevissen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lique","family":"Ducray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerrold M.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Kopp-Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"McNamee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania M.","family":"Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Straif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0005","first-page":"1857","article-title":"Spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced primary tumors of the central nervous system in Fischer 344 rats exposed to frequency-modulated microwave fields","volume":"60","author":"Adey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2307\/3580329","article-title":"Spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced primary tumors of the central nervous system in Fischer 344 rats chronically exposed to 836 MHz modulated microwaves","volume":"152","author":"Adey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3052","article-title":"Effects of GSM-900 microwaves on DMBA-induced mammary gland tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"160","author":"Anane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3208","article-title":"Two-year chronic bioassay study of rats exposed to a 1.6 GHz radiofrequency signal","volume":"162","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0025","unstructured":"Baan, R.A.; Stewart, B.W.; Straif, K. Tumour site concordance and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. In: Baan R.A., Stewart B.W., Straif K., eds. IARC Scientific publication Lyon, France: IARC, France; 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0030","first-page":"13","article-title":"Long-term assays for carcinogenicity in animals","author":"Bannasch","year":"1986","journal-title":"IARC Sci. Publ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2002)157[0183:CETAGL]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Chronic exposure to a GSM-like signal (mobile phone) does not stimulate the development of DMBA-induced mammary tumors in rats: results of three consecutive studies","volume":"157","author":"Bartsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1109\/22.884201","article-title":"Biological effects of millimeter-wave irradiation on mice - preliminary results","volume":"48","author":"Bellossi","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE T Microw Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq079","article-title":"Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study","volume":"39","author":"Cardis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1080\/095530099139403","article-title":"No effect of short-term exposure to GSM-modulated low-power microwaves on benzo(a)pyrene-induced tumours in rat","volume":"75","author":"Chagnaud","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250130605","article-title":"Long-term, low-level microwave irradiation of rats","volume":"13","author":"Chou","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226858","article-title":"Repeated exposure to nanosecond high power pulsed microwaves increases cancer incidence in rat","volume":"15","author":"de Seze","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770100210","article-title":"Long-term assays for carcinogenicity","volume":"10","author":"Della Porta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0070","unstructured":"EPA. Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. Washington, DC: EPA; 2005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0075","unstructured":"EPA, U.S. ORD Staff Handbook for Developing IRIS Assessments. 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.037","article-title":"Report of final results regarding brain and heart tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to mobile phone radiofrequency field representative of a 1.8GHz GSM base station environmental emission","volume":"165","author":"Falcioni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:1<20::AID-BEM2>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Chronic exposure of cancer-prone mice to low-level 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation","volume":"19","author":"Frei","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.2307\/3579874","article-title":"Chronic, low-level (1.0 W\/kg) exposure of mice prone to mammary cancer to 2450 MHz microwaves","volume":"150","author":"Frei","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein, L.S.; Kheifets, L.; Van Deventer, E.; Repacholi, M. Further comments on \u201cLong-term exposure of Emu-Pim1 transgenic mice to 898.4 MHz microwaves does not increase lymphoma incidence\u201d by Utteridge et al. (Radiat. Res. 158, 357-364 2002). Radiat Res 2003;159:835; author reply 835-836.","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2003)159[0835:FCOLEO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-200208000-00010","article-title":"Cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for brain tumours","volume":"11","author":"Hardell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0105","first-page":"399","article-title":"Further aspects on cellular and cordless telephones and brain tumours","volume":"22","author":"Hardell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3588.1","article-title":"No effects of radiofrequency radiation on 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone-induced tumorigenesis in female Wistar rats","volume":"166","author":"Heikkinen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/0955300031000096298","article-title":"Effects of mobile phone radiation on UV-induced skin tumourigenesis in ornithine decarboxylase transgenic and non-transgenic mice","volume":"79","author":"Heikkinen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2001)156[0775:EOMPRO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of mobile phone radiation on X-ray-induced tumorigenesis in mice","volume":"156","author":"Heikkinen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2307\/3580262","article-title":"Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields have no effect on the in vivo proliferation of the 9L brain tumor","volume":"152","author":"Higashikubo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0732","article-title":"Occupational heat exposure and breast cancer risk in the MCC-Spain study","volume":"30","author":"Hinchliffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooijmans, C.R.; de Vries, R.B.M.; Ritskes-Hoitinga, M.; Rovers, M.M.; Leeflang, M.M.; IntHout, J.; Wever, K.E.; Hooft, L.; de Beer, H.; Kuijpers, T.; Macleod, M.R.; Sena, E.S.; Ter Riet, G.; Morgan, R.L.; Thayer, K.A.; Rooney, A.A.; Guyatt, G.H.; Schunemann, H.J.; Langendam, M.W.; Group, G.W. Facilitating healthcare decisions by assessing the certainty in the evidence from preclinical animal studies. PLoS One 2018;13:e0187271.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187271"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2007.07.016","article-title":"Study on potential effects of \u201c902-MHz GSM-type Wireless Communication Signals\u201d on DMBA-induced mammary tumours in Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"649","author":"Hruby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000600568093","article-title":"Effect of radiofrequency radiation exposure on mouse skin tumorigenesis initiated by 7,12-dimethybenz[alpha]anthracene","volume":"81","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0150","unstructured":"IARC. Non-ionizing radiation, Part 2: Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans \/ World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer 2013;102:1-460."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0155","unstructured":"IARC. Preamble to the IARC Monographs. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/22.11.1837","article-title":"Lack of promotion of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated mouse skin carcinogenesis by 1.5 GHz electromagnetic near fields","volume":"22","author":"Imaida","year":"2001","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1998.tb00487.x","article-title":"The 1.5 GHz electromagnetic near-field used for cellular phones does not promote rat liver carcinogenesis in a medium-term liver bioassay","volume":"89","author":"Imaida","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/19.2.311","article-title":"Lack of promoting effects of the electromagnetic near-field used for cellular phones (929.2 MHz) on rat liver carcinogenesis in a medium-term liver bioassay","volume":"19","author":"Imaida","year":"1998","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2001)155[0369:REOCHM]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Repeated exposure of C3H\/HeJ mice to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses: lack of effects on mammary tumors","volume":"155","author":"Jauchem","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2010.537428","article-title":"One-year, simultaneous combined exposure of CDMA and WCDMA radiofrequency electromagnetic fields to rats","volume":"87","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2017.00022","article-title":"Overview of the use of murine models in leukemia and lymphoma research","volume":"7","author":"Kohnken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0190","unstructured":"Krewski, D.; Rice, J.M.; Bird, M.; Milton, B.; Collins, B.; Lajoie, P.; Billard, M.; Grosse, Y.; Cogliano, V.J.; Caldwell, J.C.; Rusyn, II; Portier, C.J.; Melnick, R.L.; Little, J.; Zielinski, J.M. Analysis of tumour site concordance. In: Baan R.A., Stewart B.W., Straif K., eds. Tumour Site Concordance and Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis. Lyon (FR); 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/01926233231224466","article-title":"Historical control background incidence of spontaneous neoplastic lesions of Sprague-Dawley rats in 104-week toxicity studies","volume":"51","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3028","article-title":"The effect of chronic exposure to 835.62 MHz FDMA or 847.74 MHz CDMA radiofrequency radiation on the incidence of spontaneous tumors in rats","volume":"160","author":"La Regina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20655","article-title":"Lymphoma development of simultaneously combined exposure to two radiofrequency signals in AKR\/J mice","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.02.151","article-title":"Tumor promotion by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields below exposure limits for humans","volume":"459","author":"Lerchl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106","article-title":"The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary","volume":"23","author":"Louis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/22.10.1701","article-title":"Lack of effect of 94 GHz radio frequency radiation exposure in an animal model of skin carcinogenesis","volume":"22","author":"Mason","year":"2001","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107106","article-title":"Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) on cancer in laboratory animal studies","volume":"161","author":"Mevissen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108940","article-title":"The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on biomarkers of oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro: a systematic review of experimental studies","volume":"194","author":"Meyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.01.004","article-title":"GRADE: Assessing the quality of evidence in environmental and occupational health","volume":"92\u201393","author":"Morgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0240","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program, N. Handbook for Preparing Report on Carcinogens Monographs. Part E: Cancer Studies in Experimental Animals 2015a."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0245","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program, N. OHAT Risk of Bias Rating Tool for Human and Animal Studies. Office of Health Assessment and Translation. 2015b."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0250","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program, N. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies in B6C3F1\/N mice exposed to whole-body radio frequency radiation at a frequency (1,900 MHz) and modulations (GSM and CDMA) used by cell phones. Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rept Series 2018a:1-260."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0255","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program, N. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies in Hsd: Sprague Dawley sd rats exposed to whole-body radio frequency radiation at a frequency (900 MHz) and modulations (GSM and CDMA) used by cell phones Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rept Series 2018b:1-384."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0260","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program, N. Handbook for Conducting a Literature-based Health Assessment Using OHAT Approach for Systematic Review and Evidence Integration. 2019a."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0265","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program, N. OHAT Risk of Bias Rating Tool for Human and Animal Studies. in: NIEHS\/NTP, ed; 2019b."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1667\/rr0425.1","article-title":"Carcinogenicity study of 217 Hz pulsed 900 MHz electromagnetic fields in Pim1 transgenic mice","volume":"168","author":"Oberto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0275","unstructured":"OECD. Detailed review paper on transgenic rodent mutation assays. 2009;103."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0280","unstructured":"OECD. Guidance document 116 on the conduct and design of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies, supporting test guidelines 451 and 453, 2nd edition 2012;116."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0285","unstructured":"OECD. Guidance document 116 on the conduct and design of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies, supporting test guidelines 451, 452 and 453. 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0290","unstructured":"OECD. OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals: carcinogenicity studies. 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-018-03012-y","article-title":"Possible effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on in vivo C6 brain tumors in Wistar rats","volume":"140","author":"Ouadah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0300","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-010-0654-8","article-title":"Effects of low level microwave radiation on carcinogenesis in Swiss Albino mice","volume":"348","author":"Paulraj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000058","article-title":"Long-term mobile phone use and acoustic neuroma risk","volume":"25","author":"Pettersson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032071","article-title":"In vivo studies on radiofrequency (100 kHz\u2013300 GHz)|electromagnetic field exposure and cancer: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Pinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.2930100603","article-title":"Retarded tumor growth and greater longevity in mice after fetal irradiation by 2450-MHz microwaves","volume":"10","author":"Preskorn","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2307\/3579630","article-title":"Lymphomas in E mu-Pim1 transgenic mice exposed to pulsed 900 MHZ electromagnetic fields","volume":"147","author":"Repacholi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0330","unstructured":"Safety, I.C.o.E. C951-2019_IEEE Standards for safety levels with respect t human exposure to electric_magnetic and electromagnetic fiels_0 Hz to 300GHz.pdf>. 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019102627678","article-title":"Brain tumour development in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields used in wireless cellular communication","volume":"3","author":"Salford","year":"1997","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0302-4598(93)80090-H","article-title":"Experimental studies of brain-tumor development during exposure to continuous and pulsed 915 Mhz radiofrequency radiation","volume":"30","author":"Salford","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bioelectroch Bioener"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1065R1.1","article-title":"Effects of exposure of newborn patched1 heterozygous mice to GSM, 900 MHz","volume":"168","author":"Saran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073772","article-title":"Manmade electromagnetic fields and oxidative stress-biological effects and consequences for health","volume":"22","author":"Schuermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20324","article-title":"Lack of promoting effects of chronic exposure to 1.95-GHz W-CDMA signals for IMT-2000 cellular system on development of N-ethylnitrosourea-induced central nervous system tumors in F344 rats","volume":"28","author":"Shirai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20079","article-title":"Chronic exposure to a 1.439 GHz electromagnetic field used for cellular phones does not promote N-ethylnitrosourea induced central nervous system tumors in F344 rats","volume":"26","author":"Shirai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0680.1","article-title":"GSM and DCS wireless communication signals: combined chronic toxicity\/carcinogenicity study in the Wistar rat","volume":"168","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0857.1","article-title":"Lymphoma development in mice chronically exposed to UMTS-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields","volume":"168","author":"Sommer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-4-77","article-title":"No effects of GSM-modulated 900 MHz electromagnetic fields on survival rate and spontaneous development of lymphoma in female AKR\/J mice","volume":"4","author":"Sommer","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250030202","article-title":"Accelerated development of spontaneous and benzopyrene-induced skin cancer in mice exposed to 2450-MHz microwave radiation","volume":"3","author":"Szmigielski","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00403734","article-title":"Acceleration of the development of benzopyrene-induced skin cancer in mice by microwave radiation","volume":"274","author":"Szudzinski","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20283","article-title":"Carcinogenicity study of GSM and DCS wireless communication signals in B6C3F1 mice","volume":"28","author":"Tillmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3109\/09553001003734501","article-title":"Indication of cocarcinogenic potential of chronic UMTS-modulated radiofrequency exposure in an ethylnitrosourea mouse model","volume":"86","author":"Tillmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2307\/3579606","article-title":"Long-term, low-level exposure of mice prone to mammary tumors to 435 MHz radiofrequency radiation","volume":"148","author":"Toler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2002)158[0357:LTEOEP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Long-term exposure of E-mu-Pim1 transgenic mice to 898.4 MHz microwaves does not increase lymphoma incidence","volume":"158","author":"Utteridge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106300","article-title":"Prioritizing health outcomes when assessing the effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: a survey among experts","volume":"146","author":"Verbeek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2013.09.010","article-title":"Meta-analysis of data from animal studies: a practical guide","volume":"221","author":"Vesterinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250150606","article-title":"Effects of 2.45-GHz microwave radiation and phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in mice","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3497.1","article-title":"Effects of 900 MHz GSM wireless communication signals on DMBA-induced mammary tumors in rats","volume":"165","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1995.9955007","article-title":"Occupational exposure to extreme temperature and risk of testicular cancer","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziegelberger, G.C., Rodney J.; Feychting, Maria; Green, Ad\u00e8le C.; Hirata, Akimasa; d'Inzeo, Guglielmo; Marino, Carmela; Miller, Sharon A.; Oftedal, Gunnhild; Okuno, Tsutomu; van Rongen, Eric; R\u00f6\u00f6sli, Martin; Sienkiewicz, Zenon; Watanabe, Soichi. ICNIRP Note: Critical Evaluation of Two Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Animal Carcinogenicity Studies Published in 2018. Health Phys 2020;118:525-532.","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000001137"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2001)155[0572:TEOMRR]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The effects of 860 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the induction or promotion of brain tumors and other neoplasms in rats","volume":"155","author":"Zook","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3551.1","article-title":"The effects of pulsed 860 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the promotion of neurogenic tumors in rats","volume":"165","author":"Zook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110368","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000}},{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110368","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000}}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412025002338?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412025002338?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T20:23:03Z","timestamp":1786479783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412025002338"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["S0160412025002338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on cancer in laboratory animal studies, a systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109482","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109482"}}