{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T06:17:38Z","timestamp":1778566658582,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]],"date-time":"2025-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013294","name":"Deutsches Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr Gesundheit und Umwelt, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013294","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T10:58:41Z","timestamp":1747047521000},"page":"109528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution is associated with impaired odor identification: Results from the population-based KORA FIT study in Augsburg, Germany"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Breitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Pickford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Schikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0005","unstructured":"Health Effects Institute. State of Global Air 2024. Special Report. Boston, MA:Health Effects Institute.; 2024. URL: https:\/\/www.stateofglobalair.org\/resources\/report\/state-global-air-report-2024."},{"issue":"10440","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00769-4","article-title":"Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"Murray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e620","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00195-9","article-title":"Long-term exposure to low-level ambient air pollution and incidence of stroke and coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of six European cohorts within the ELAPSE project","volume":"5","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Planetary Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.10.016","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution is associated with an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"76","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110703","article-title":"Impact of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution on the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"194","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.575330","article-title":"Air pollution and central nervous system disease: a review of the impact of fine particulate matter on neurological disorders","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-018-0166-8","article-title":"Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: a focus on vulnerable populations worldwide","volume":"5","author":"Tibuakuu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Epidemiol. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0097-5","article-title":"Olfactory and other sensory impairments in Alzheimer disease","volume":"15","author":"Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2005.04.010","article-title":"Assessing olfaction in the neuropsychological exam: The relationship between odor identification and cognition in older adults","volume":"20","author":"Westervelt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P304","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/55.5.P304","article-title":"Odor identification: influences of age, gender, cognition, and personality","volume":"55","author":"Larsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24447","article-title":"Olfactory identification deficits and increased mortality in the community","volume":"78","author":"Devanand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjt072","article-title":"Olfactory disorders and quality of life\u2014an updated review","volume":"39","author":"Croy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e700","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006919","article-title":"Impaired olfaction is associated with cognitive decline and neurodegeneration in the brain","volume":"92","author":"Dintica","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-018-0796-4","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"18","author":"Marin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00020","article-title":"The influences of age on olfaction: a review","volume":"5","author":"Doty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP136","article-title":"Effects of ambient air pollution exposure on olfaction: a review","volume":"124","author":"Ajmani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0085","author":"Shehab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Air Pollution Exposure and Olfactory Health: A Systematic Review."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0090","article-title":"Role of odor identification on air pollution-induced cognitive impairment","author":"Merz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2220028120","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The role of the composition of fine particles","volume":"120","author":"Peters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21829","article-title":"Nitrogen dioxide pollution exposure is associated with olfactory dysfunction in older US adults","author":"Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology: Wiley Online Library"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP9563","article-title":"Environmental air pollution and olfactory decline in aging","volume":"130","author":"Ekstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP12066","article-title":"Ambient air pollutants and olfaction among women 50\u201379 years of age from the sister study","volume":"131","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.09.012","article-title":"Fine particulate matter exposure and olfactory dysfunction among urban-dwelling older US adults","volume":"151","author":"Ajmani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.11606","article-title":"Exposure to particulate matter air pollution and anosmia","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersson J, Oudin A, Nordin S, Forsberg B, Nordin M. 2022. PM2. 5 exposure and olfactory functions. Int. J. Environm. Health Res. 32 (11): 2484\u20132495. 10.1080\/09603123.2021.1973969.","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2021.1973969"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-023-01956-x","article-title":"Association of air pollution with olfactory identification performance of S\u00e3o Paulo residents: a cross-sectional study","volume":"96","author":"Scussiatto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.08.003","article-title":"Long-term exposure to traffic-related particulate matter impairs cognitive function in the elderly","volume":"109","author":"Ranft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjp071","article-title":"Mexico City air pollution adversely affects olfactory function and intranasal trigeminal sensitivity","volume":"34","author":"Guarneros","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjj019","article-title":"Effect of air pollution on olfactory function in residents of Mexico City","volume":"31","author":"Hudson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holle R, Happich M, L\u00f6wel H, Wichmann H-E, Group nftMKS. 2005. KORA-a research platform for population based health research. Das Gesundheitswesen 67 (S 01): 19\u201325. 10.1055\/s-2005-858235.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-858235"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114184","article-title":"Blood lead levels in 2018\/2019 compared to 1987\/1988 in the German population-based KORA study","volume":"215","author":"Rooney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940111001015","article-title":"Screening of olfactory function with a four-minute odor identification test: reliability, normative data, and investigations in patients with olfactory loss","volume":"110","author":"Hummel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0165","first-page":"184","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of smell dysfunction-a comparison between five German population-based studies","volume":"58","author":"Stogbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.160","article-title":"Land use regression modeling of ultrafine particles, ozone, nitrogen oxides and markers of particulate matter pollution in Augsburg, Germany","volume":"579","author":"Wolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(05)80070-8","article-title":"Social inequalities and health status in Western Germany","volume":"108","author":"Helmert","year":"1994","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dandolo L, Hartig C, Telkmann K, Horstmann S, Schwettmann L, Selsam P, Schneider A, Bolte G, and on behalf of the INGER Study Group. 2022. Decision tree analyses to explore the relevance of multiple sex\/gender dimensions for the exposure to green spaces: results from the KORA INGER study. Int. J. Environm. Res. Public Health 19 (12) 7476. 10.3390\/ijerph19127476.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127476"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.115062","article-title":"High-resolution spatiotemporal modeling of daily near-surface air temperature in Germany over the period 2000\u20132020","volume":"219","author":"Nikolaou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0190","article-title":"What about using sniffin\u2019sticks 12 items test to screen post-COVID-19 olfactory disorders?","volume":"1\u20138","author":"Vandersteen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0195","unstructured":"R Core Team. 2023._R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing_. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0200","article-title":"Generalized additive models: an introduction with R","author":"Wood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chapman and hall\/CRC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0205","unstructured":"UNION P. 2008. Directive 2008\/50\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Official Journal of the European Union. URL: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2008\/50\/oj."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0210","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2021. WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2. 5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240034228."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2211282119","article-title":"Incident dementia and long-term exposure to constituents of fine particle air pollution: A national cohort study in the United States","volume":"120","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/22.1.39","article-title":"\u2018Sniffin\u2019sticks': olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold","volume":"22","author":"Hummel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1755268","article-title":"Evaluation of the complete Sniffin Sticks Test versus its subtests in differentiating Parkinson\u2019s disease patients from healthy controls","volume":"80","author":"Trentin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24792","article-title":"Episodic memory of odors stratifies Alzheimer biomarkers in normal elderly","volume":"80","author":"Dhilla Albers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e964","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201646","article-title":"Associations of olfaction with longitudinal trajectories of brain volumes and neuropsychological function in older adults","volume":"100","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12078-019-09267-7","article-title":"Awareness of olfactory dysfunction in subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive decline, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Tahmasebi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosens. Percept."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.08.010","article-title":"Olfactory identification deficits, cognitive decline, and dementia in older adults","volume":"24","author":"Devanand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04013.x","article-title":"Olfactory impairment in presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease","volume":"1170","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2020.104708","article-title":"The role of air pollution in cognitive impairment and decline","volume":"136","author":"Schikowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.06.004","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution as a potential contributor to cognitive function, cognitive decline, brain imaging, and dementia: a systematic review of epidemiologic research","volume":"56","author":"Power","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370490439597","article-title":"Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain","volume":"16","author":"Oberd\u00f6rster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Underwood E. The polluted brain. American Association for the Advancement of Science; 2017. doi: 10.1126\/science.355.6323.342.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.355.6323.342"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-0016","article-title":"Estrogen and cognitive functioning in women","volume":"24","author":"Sherwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168317","article-title":"Associations between exposure to air pollution and sex hormones during the menopausal transition","volume":"908","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062860","article-title":"Sex-related differences in regional blood\u2013brain barrier integrity in non-demented elderly subjects","volume":"22","author":"Moon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111733","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in the human olfactory bulb: females have more neurons and glial cells than males","volume":"9","author":"Oliveira-Pinto","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62627-1.00016-0","article-title":"Neurotoxic exposure and impairment of the chemical senses of taste and smell","volume":"131","author":"Doty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.04.001","article-title":"Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Friend or foe?","volume":"9","author":"Powers","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071502","article-title":"Exercising in air pollution: the cleanest versus dirtiest cities challenge","volume":"15","author":"Pasqua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.061135","article-title":"Stability of measured and modelled spatial contrasts in NO2 over time","volume":"68","author":"Eeftens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.09.056","article-title":"Temporal stability of land use regression models for traffic-related air pollution","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-48","article-title":"Nitrogen dioxide levels estimated from land use regression models several years apart and association with mortality in a large cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Cesaroni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.036","article-title":"Spatial PM2. 5, NO2, O3 and BC models for Western Europe\u2013evaluation of spatiotemporal stability","volume":"120","author":"De Hoogh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0330","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity effects of long-term exposure to low-level PM2. 5, BC, NO2, and O3: an analysis of European cohorts in the ELAPSE project","volume":"208","author":"Brunekreef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Health Effects Institute. 2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters A, de GNCChndgn, Peters A, Greiser KH, G\u00f6ttlicher S, Ahrens W, Albrecht M, Bamberg F, B\u00e4rnighausen T, Becher H. 2022. Framework and baseline examination of the German National Cohort (NAKO). Europ. J. Epidemiol. 37 (10): 1107-24. doi: 10.1007\/s10654-022-00890-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-022-00890-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-152","article-title":"Long-term air pollution exposure and living close to busy roads are associated with COPD in women","volume":"6","author":"Schikowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir. Res."}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016041202500279X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016041202500279X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T06:00:02Z","timestamp":1778565602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S016041202500279X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["S016041202500279X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution is associated with impaired odor identification: Results from the population-based KORA FIT study in Augsburg, Germany","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109528","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109528"}}