{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:36:20Z","timestamp":1790894180863,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004800","name":"California Air Resources Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004800","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T19:10:54Z","timestamp":1748545854000},"page":"109562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prenatal exposure to criteria air pollution and traffic-related air toxics and risk of autism spectrum disorder: A population-based cohort study of California births (1990\u20132018)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"201","author":[{"given":"Karl","family":"O\u2019Sharkey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4473-0643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjali","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6175-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-a","family":"Paik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myles","family":"Cockburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6976-7339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate","family":"Ritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0010","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM Library https:\/\/dsm.psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/book\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596 (2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205827","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and autism in Los Angeles County","volume":"121","author":"Becerra","year":"2013","journal-title":"California. Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7233","DOI":"10.1021\/es400039u","article-title":"A hybrid approach to estimating national scale spatiotemporal variability of PM2.5 in the contiguous United States","volume":"47","author":"Beckerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205201","article-title":"Environmental inequality in exposures to airborne particulate matter components in the United States","volume":"120","author":"Bell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9621","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation in PM2.5 chemical composition in the United States for health effects studies","volume":"115","author":"Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0035","unstructured":"CARB, n.d. Clean Transportation Projects by Region | California Air Resources Board. Clean Transportation Projects by Region https:\/\/ww2.arb.ca.gov\/lcti-projects-by-region."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106898","article-title":"In utero exposure to near-roadway air pollution and autism spectrum disorder in children","volume":"158","author":"Carter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0045","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder and grandmother\u2019s race, ethnicity, and nativity","author":"Chow","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAACAP Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113307","article-title":"Maternal exposure to air pollution and risk of autism in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"256","author":"Chun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015453830880","article-title":"The changing prevalence of autism in California","volume":"32","author":"Croen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116856","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder and air pollution: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"278","author":"Dutheil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-60","article-title":"An effective and efficient approach for manually improving geocoded data","volume":"7","author":"Goldberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408483","article-title":"Air pollution exposure during pregnancy and childhood autistic traits in four European population-based Cohort studies: the ESCAPE project","volume":"124","author":"Guxens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"71","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2020.1826366","article-title":"Contribution of tailpipe and non-tailpipe traffic sources to quasi-ultrafine, fine and coarse particulate matter in Southern California","volume":"1995","author":"Habre","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181902d15","article-title":"The rise in autism and the role of age at diagnosis","volume":"20","author":"Hertz-Picciotto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2007.00190.x","article-title":"Prenatal exposures to persistent and non-persistent organic compounds and effects on immune system development","volume":"102","author":"Hertz-Picciotto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030232","article-title":"Toxicity research of PM2.5 compositions in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.575330","article-title":"Air pollution and central nervous system disease: a review of the impact of fine particulate matter on neurological disorders","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn8544","article-title":"PM2.5 exposure disparities persist despite strict vehicle emissions controls in California","volume":"10","author":"Koolik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0105","unstructured":"Link Plus | Registry Plus | CDC. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cancer\/npcr\/tools\/registryplus\/lp.htm (2023)."},{"issue":"65","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2014.991856","article-title":"Emissions reduction policies and recent trends in Southern California\u2019s ambient air quality","volume":"1995","author":"Lurmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of Autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years \u2014 Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020","volume":"72","author":"Maenner","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2020.100831","article-title":"Early detection and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: why is it so difficult?","volume":"35","author":"McCarty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-022-00951-y","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years of age","volume":"22","author":"Morgan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2014.09.001","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation generated DNA damage by exposure to air pollution particles","volume":"762","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0135","unstructured":"NASA. 2003. Chemistry in the Sunlight. Nasa Earth Observatory https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/features\/ChemistrySunlight\/chemistry_sunlight3.php."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118356","article-title":"Elemental composition of fine and coarse particles across the greater Los Angeles area: spatial variation and contributing sources","volume":"292","author":"Oroumiyeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0140","article-title":"Associations between brake and tire wear-related PM2.5 metal components, particulate oxidative stress potential, and autism spectrum disorder in Southern California","volume":"185","author":"O\u2019Sharkey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0145","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of Autism spectrum disorder in California: Disparities by sociodemographic factors and region between 1990-2018","author":"O\u2019Sharkey","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17007","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35398-0","article-title":"Differential toxicities of fine particulate matters from various sources","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00647.2015","article-title":"Motor signatures in autism spectrum disorder: the importance of variability","volume":"115","author":"Parma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12040425","article-title":"Particulate matter and associated metals: a link with neurotoxicity and mental health","volume":"12","author":"Potter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107736","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to tailpipe and non-tailpipe tracers of particulate matter pollution and autism spectrum disorders","volume":"171","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx294","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and Autism spectrum disorder: a population-based nested case-control study in Israel","volume":"187","author":"Raz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0180","first-page":"e028","article-title":"Air pollution and autism in Denmark","volume":"2","author":"Ritz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Epidemiol. Phila. Pa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.10.002","article-title":"Modeling particulate matter concentrations measured through mobile monitoring in a deletion\/substitution\/addition approach","volume":"122","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.109100","article-title":"Development of over 30-years of high spatiotemporal resolution air pollution models and surfaces for California","volume":"193","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0195","unstructured":"TAMU GeoServices, n.d. https:\/\/geoservices.tamu.edu\/default.aspx."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.266","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution, particulate matter, and Autism","volume":"70","author":"Volk","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0073-9","article-title":"Air Pollution and Autism spectrum disorders: causal or confounded?","volume":"2","author":"Weisskopf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/531518","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines: potential biomarkers of immunologic dysfunction in Autism spectrum disorders","volume":"2015","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0215","article-title":"Developing an area\u2010based socioeconomic measure from","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Community Survey Data."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562_b0220","first-page":"703","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and breast cancer incidence in California for different race\/ethnic groups","volume":"12","author":"Yost","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control CCC"}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412025003137?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412025003137?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T10:58:54Z","timestamp":1778669934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412025003137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0160412025003137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prenatal exposure to criteria air pollution and traffic-related air toxics and risk of autism spectrum disorder: A population-based cohort study of California births (1990\u20132018)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109562","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109562"}}