{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:32:14Z","timestamp":1787319134454,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31970384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31970384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018540","name":"Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023B1515020096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B1515020096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019651","name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SML2024SP002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SML2024SP002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019651","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019651","name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SML2024SP022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SML2024SP022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019651","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22lgqb22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22lgqb22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T22:25:08Z","timestamp":1760394308000},"page":"109867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Amoebae contribute to the diversity and fate of antibiotic resistance genes in drinking water system"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8248-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhili","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0053-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingyun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9683-906X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longfei","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30667-2","article-title":"Amebic keratitis in a wearer of disposable contact lenses due to a mixed Vahlkampfia and Hartmannella infection","volume":"103","author":"Aitken","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0010","article-title":"CoverM: read alignment statistics for metagenomics","volume":"41","author":"Aroney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioinformatics (oxford, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.07.023","article-title":"Persistence of infectious enterovirus within free-living amoebae \u2013 a novel waterborne risk pathway?","volume":"144","author":"Atanasova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0020","first-page":"2114","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics (oxford, England)"},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21848","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911354106","article-title":"Giant Marseillevirus highlights the role of amoebae as a melting pot in emergence of chimeric microorganisms","volume":"106","author":"Boyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00411","article-title":"Diversity of free-living environmental bacteria and their interactions with a bactivorous amoeba","volume":"8","author":"Brock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14871","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c04013","article-title":"Protozoan-priming and magnesium conditioning enhance Legionella pneumophila dissemination and monochloramine resistance","volume":"57","author":"Cambronne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2014.226","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant heterotrophic plate count bacteria and amoeba-resistant bacteria in aquifers of the Mooi River, North West province, South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Carstens","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0045","first-page":"5315","article-title":"GTDB-Tk v2: memory friendly classification with the genome taxonomy database","volume":"38","author":"Chaumeil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioinformatics (oxford, England)"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13881","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c03847","article-title":"Viral community and virus-associated antibiotic resistance genes in soils amended with organic fertilizers","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ017","article-title":"The first association of a primary amebic meningoencephalitis death with culturable Naegleria fowleri in tap water from a US treated public drinking water system","volume":"60","author":"Cope","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4138-8","article-title":"Rediscovery of Nucleophaga amoebae, a novel member of the Rozellomycota","volume":"113","author":"Corsaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00309-10","article-title":"Resistance of Acanthamoeba cysts to disinfection treatments used in health care settings","volume":"48","author":"Coulon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, Z., Sevillano-Rivera, M.C., Calus, S.T., Bautista-de los Santos, Q.M., Eren, A.M., van der Wielen, P.W.J.J., Ijaz, U.Z. and Pinto, A.J., 2020. Disinfection exhibits systematic impacts on the drinking water microbiome. Microbiome 8(1), 42.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00813-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3852\/14-058","article-title":"Didymium xerophilum, a new myxomycete from the tropical Andes","volume":"107","author":"de Basanta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.05.044","article-title":"Environmental factors shaping cultured free-living amoebae and their associated bacterial community within drinking water network","volume":"100","author":"Delafont","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.07.047","article-title":"Microbiome of free-living amoebae isolated from drinking water","volume":"47","author":"Delafont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11872","DOI":"10.1021\/es5036255","article-title":"First evidence of amoebae-mycobacteria association in drinking water network","volume":"48","author":"Delafont","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00201-y","article-title":"Extracellular amoebal-vesicles: potential transmission vehicles for respiratory viruses","volume":"7","author":"Dey","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.109302","article-title":"An overview of poxviruses","volume":"44","author":"Diven","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.04.058","article-title":"Succession of bacterial and fungal communities within biofilms of a chlorinated drinking water distribution system","volume":"141","author":"Douterelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.07.007","article-title":"Sensitivity of free-living amoeba trophozoites and cysts to water disinfectants","volume":"217","author":"Dupuy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.10.025","article-title":"Efficiency of water disinfectants against Legionella pneumophila andAcanthamoeba","volume":"45","author":"Dupuy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408692","article-title":"Epidemiology and ecology of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens: Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"123","author":"Falkinham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10201","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02896","article-title":"Interactions between human reovirus and free-living amoebae: Implications for enteric virus disinfection and aquatic persistence","volume":"54","author":"Folkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02911-20","article-title":"Transmission and antibiotic resistance of Achromobacter in cystic fibrosis","volume":"59","author":"Gabrielaite","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3132","DOI":"10.1021\/es400160k","article-title":"Identification of free-living amoebae and amoeba-associated bacteria from reservoirs and water treatment plants by molecular techniques","volume":"47","author":"Garcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137080","article-title":"Presence and interaction of free-living amoebae and amoeba-resisting bacteria in water from drinking water treatment plants","volume":"719","author":"Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.2.413-433.2004","article-title":"Microorganisms resistant to free-living amoebae","volume":"17","author":"Greub","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05151-11","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis and septic shock related to the uncommon gram-negative pathogen Sphingobacterium multivorum","volume":"50","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000001119","article-title":"The plumbing problem: rising antimicrobial resistance in building water systems","volume":"38","author":"Hayward","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126006","article-title":"Both viable and inactivated amoeba spores protect their intracellular bacteria from drinking water disinfection","volume":"417","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127996","article-title":"Efficient inactivation of intracellular bacteria in dormant amoeba spores by FeP","volume":"425","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.488","article-title":"Human papillomaviruses: basic mechanisms of pathogenesis and oncogenicity","volume":"16","author":"Hebner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00278.x","article-title":"Bacterial endosymbionts of free-living amoebae","volume":"51","author":"Horn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127220","article-title":"Long-term spatiotemporal variation of antimicrobial resistance genes within the Serratia marcescens population and transmission of S. marcescens revealed by public whole-genome datasets","volume":"423","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-119","article-title":"Prodigal: prokaryotic gene recognition and translation initiation site identification","volume":"11","author":"Hyatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0715-5","article-title":"Active eukaryotes in drinking water distribution systems of ground and surface waterworks","volume":"7","author":"Inkinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.09.016","article-title":"Molecular identification of waterborne free living amoebae (Acanthamoeba, Naegleria and Vermamoeba) isolated from municipal drinking water and environmental sources, Semnan province, north half of Iran","volume":"183","author":"Javanmard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5029","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13036-1","article-title":"Evaluation of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for species and strain-level microbiome analysis","volume":"10","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120958","article-title":"Effects of disinfectant type and dosage on biofilm's activity, viability, microbiome and antibiotic resistome in bench-scale drinking water distribution systems","volume":"249","author":"Ke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.11.002","article-title":"Widespread, human-associated redondoviruses infect the commensal protozoan Entamoeba gingivalis","volume":"31","author":"Keeler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03431.x","article-title":"Evolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence in infected patients revealed in a Dictyostelium discoideum host model","volume":"17","author":"Lelong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"issue":"W1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W78","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268","article-title":"Interactive tree of Life (iTOL) v6: recent updates to the phylogenetic tree display and annotation tool","volume":"52","author":"Letunic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.59","article-title":"Metagenomic and network analysis reveal wide distribution and co-occurrence of environmental antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02725-5","article-title":"Diversity of bacterial communities in the plasmodia of myxomycetes","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.10.071","article-title":"Diversity and dynamics of microbial communities at each step of treatment plant for potable water generation","volume":"52","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"D1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D912","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1107","article-title":"VFDB 2022: a general classification scheme for bacterial virulence factors","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.121094","article-title":"Functional traits and health implications of the global household drinking-water microbiome retrieved using an integrative genome-centric approach","volume":"250","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11557-015-1048-9","article-title":"Species diversity of myxomycetes associated with different terrestrial ecosystems, substrata (microhabitats) and environmental factors","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycol. Prog."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-2-200901200-00022","article-title":"First case report of community-acquired pneumonia due to Tsukamurella pulmonis","volume":"150","author":"Maalouf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.09.065","article-title":"A year long study of the presence of free living amoeba in Spain","volume":"47","author":"Magnet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"6964","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02122","article-title":"A genetic basis for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm antibiotic resistance","volume":"426","author":"Mah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00017-11","article-title":"Serratia infections: from military experiments to current practice","volume":"24","author":"Mahlen Steven","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6108","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c09139","article-title":"Protozoa as hotspots for potential pathogens in the drinking water of a subtropical megacity: Diversity, treatment, and health risk","volume":"57","author":"Mai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121426","article-title":"Prokaryotic microbial ecology as an ecosurveillance tool for eukaryotic pathogen colonisation: Meiothermus and Naegleria fowleri","volume":"254","author":"Malinowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.273-307.2003","article-title":"Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans","volume":"16","author":"Marciano-Cabral","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2008.47","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses type III secretion system to kill biofilm-associated amoebae","volume":"2","author":"Matz","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015","article-title":"IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era","volume":"37","author":"Minh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.1.20-28.2005","article-title":"Amoebae as training grounds for intracellular bacterial pathogens","volume":"71","author":"Molmeret","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.119238","article-title":"Molecular screening and characterization of Legionella pneumophila associated free-living amoebae in domestic and hospital water systems","volume":"226","author":"Nisar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102098","article-title":"Molecular identification of pathogenic free-living amoeba from household biofilm samples in Iran: a risk factor for acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"9","author":"Norouzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.186072.114","article-title":"CheckM: assessing the quality of microbial genomes recovered from isolates, single cells, and metagenomes","volume":"25","author":"Parks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passador, L., Cook, J.M., Gambello, M.J., Rust, L. and Iglewski, B.H., 1993. Expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes requires cell-to-cell communication. Science (New York, N.Y.) 260(5111), 1127-1130.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8493556"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp077","article-title":"FastTree: computing large minimum evolution trees with profiles instead of a distance matrix","volume":"26","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117997","article-title":"Tenets of a holistic approach to drinking water-associated pathogen research, management, and communication","volume":"211","author":"Proctor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052704399","article-title":"The human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizes conserved virulence pathways to infect the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum","volume":"99","author":"Pukatzki","year":"2002","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-100520-125832","article-title":"Amoebae: hiding in plain sight: unappreciated hosts for the very large viruses","volume":"9","author":"Queiroz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2018.0607","article-title":"Phagocyte chase behaviours: discrimination between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria by amoebae","volume":"15","author":"Rashidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.5.1822-1824.1998","article-title":"Comparison of free-living amoebae in hot water systems of hospitals with isolates from moist sanitary areas by identifying genera and determining temperature tolerance","volume":"64","author":"Rohr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.10.004","article-title":"Three encephalitis-causing amoebae and their distinct interactions with the host","volume":"38","author":"Sarink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.5.1903-1911.2001","article-title":"Use of subgenic 18S ribosomal DNA PCR and sequencing for genus and genotype identification of acanthamoebae from humans with keratitis and from sewage sludge","volume":"39","author":"Schroeder","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00639-6","article-title":"Origins of human virus diversity","volume":"108","author":"Sharp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrae100","article-title":"Copper stress shapes the dynamic behavior of amoebae and their associated bacteria","volume":"18","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01866","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01866-20","article-title":"The ecology and evolution of amoeba-bacterium interactions","volume":"87","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13824","article-title":"A dormant amoeba species can selectively sense and predate on different soil bacteria","volume":"35","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120858","article-title":"Composition of active bacterial communities and presence of opportunistic pathogens in disinfected and non-disinfected drinking water distribution systems in Finland","volume":"248","author":"Siponen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2004.0023","article-title":"Biofilms, thermophilic amoebae and Legionella pneumophila\u2013a quantitative risk assessment for distributed water","volume":"50","author":"Storey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol. J. Int. Assoc. Water Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2002460","article-title":"Ancient bacteria\u2013amoeba relationships and pathogenic animal bacteria","volume":"15","author":"Strassmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1021\/es102876y","article-title":"Do free-living amoebae in treated drinking water systems present an emerging health risk?","volume":"45","author":"Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01693.x","article-title":"Biodiversity of amoebae and amoebae-resisting bacteria in a drinking water treatment plant","volume":"10","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00190.x","article-title":"Free-living amoebae and their intracellular pathogenic microorganisms: risks for water quality","volume":"34","author":"Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2014.07.009","article-title":"Amoebae as a tool to isolate new bacterial species, to discover new virulence factors and to study the host\u2013pathogen interactions","volume":"77","author":"Tosetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-1052-x","article-title":"The identification of free-living environmental isolates of amoebae from Bulgaria","volume":"92","author":"Tsvetkova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0541-1","article-title":"MetaWRAP-a flexible pipeline for genome-resolved metagenomic data analysis","volume":"6","author":"Uritskiy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.10.002","article-title":"Identification of free-living amoebae isolated from tap water in Istanbul, Turkey","volume":"195","author":"\u00dcst\u00fcnt\u00fcrk-Onan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2005.02.001","article-title":"Mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems: ecology and significance for human health","volume":"29","author":"Vaerewijck","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120682","article-title":"Anthropogenic contributions to antibiotic resistance gene pollution in household drinking water revealed by machine-learning-based source-tracking","volume":"246","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120288","article-title":"Efficient inactivation of amoeba spores and their intraspore bacteria by solar\/chlorine: kinetics and mechanisms","volume":"242","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1891-0","article-title":"Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2","volume":"20","author":"Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty053","article-title":"ARGs-OAP v2.0 with an expanded SARG database and Hidden Markov Models for enhancement characterization and quantification of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental metagenomes","volume":"34","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131974","article-title":"The vertically-stratified resistomes in mangrove sediments was driven by the bacterial diversity","volume":"458","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016041202500618X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016041202500618X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:00:52Z","timestamp":1780549252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S016041202500618X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["S016041202500618X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Amoebae contribute to the diversity and fate of antibiotic resistance genes in drinking water system","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109867","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109867"}}