{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:03:21Z","timestamp":1785333801317,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000321","name":"World Cancer Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIG_FULL_2020_020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIG_FULL_2020_020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP2030071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2030071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1159914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1159914"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF17OC0027864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027864"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011958","name":"Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1030-00307B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1030-00307B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024253","name":"Western Australian Future Health and Innovation Fund, Government of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WANMA\/EL2023-24\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WANMA\/EL2023-24\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024253","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024253","name":"Western Australian Future Health and Innovation Fund, Government of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1116937"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1116937"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024253","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008363","name":"Kr\u00e6ftens Bek\u00e6mpelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013514","name":"Wereld Kanker Onderzoek Fonds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T23:29:49Z","timestamp":1782257389000},"page":"110387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Source-specific nitrate and nitrite intake and bladder cancer: findings from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"214","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4860-1609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorit W.","family":"Erichsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilie","family":"Kyr\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1153-6885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Schullehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Rosth\u00f8j","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine P.","family":"Bondonno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6847-4240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liezhou","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Raaschou-Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5815-5927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pratik","family":"Pokharel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2043-7571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torben","family":"Sigsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3314-8215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter Fjeldstad","family":"Hendriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Dalgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Dahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina C.","family":"Dahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4788-503X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4385-2097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Tj\u00f8nneland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola P.","family":"Bondonno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0005","article-title":"Association between dietary nitrate, nitrite intake, and site-specific cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Abasse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0138-6","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors for the prevention of bladder cancer: a systematic review of meta-analyses","volume":"31","author":"Al-Zalabani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.11.019","article-title":"Chronic exposure to nitrate in drinking water and the risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence","volume":"203","author":"Arafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15102778","article-title":"Gastric cancer risk in association with underweight, overweight, and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Azizi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001112","article-title":"Ingested nitrate and nitrite and bladder cancer in northern New England","volume":"31","author":"Barry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0030","first-page":"307","article-title":"Inhibitors of endogenous nitrosation: mechanisms and implications in human cancer prevention","volume":"202","author":"Bartsch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0035","first-page":"27","article-title":"Inhibition of nitrosation","volume":"61","author":"Bartsch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Basic Life Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0040","first-page":"587","article-title":"Specific induction of bladder cancer in mice by butyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine and the effects of hormonal modifications on the sex difference in response","volume":"8","author":"Bertram","year":"1972","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer 1965"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00747-3","article-title":"Vegetable nitrate intake, blood pressure and incident cardiovascular disease: Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study","volume":"36","author":"Bondonno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-024-01133-5","article-title":"Source-specific nitrate intake and all-cause mortality in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study","volume":"39","author":"Bondonno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2023.03.014","article-title":"Nitrate: the Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde of human health?","volume":"135","author":"Bondonno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6822","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136822","article-title":"Ingestion of nitrate and nitrite and risk of stomach and other digestive system cancers in the Iowa women\u2019s health study","volume":"18","author":"Buller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28331","article-title":"Dietary sources of N-nitroso compounds and bladder cancer risk: findings from the Los Angeles bladder cancer study","volume":"134","author":"Catsburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0070","article-title":"Exposure to nitrate and nitrite in drinking water and cancers","volume":"2024","author":"Chambers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19680","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98496-6","article-title":"Exposure to food additive mixtures in 106,000 French adults from the NutriNet-Sante cohort","volume":"11","author":"Chazelas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac046","article-title":"Nitrites and nitrates from food additives and natural sources and cancer risk: results from the NutriNet-Sante cohort","author":"Chazelas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0085","unstructured":"Danish Environmental Agency, 1983. Nitrate in drinking water and groundwater in Denmark. Copenhagen."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28612","article-title":"Dietary nitrate and nitrite intake and risk of colorectal cancer in the Shanghai Women's Health Study","volume":"134","author":"Dellavalle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM), Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, Del Mazo J, Hogstrand C, Ron Hoogenboom L, Leblanc JC, Nebbia CS, et al., 2023. Risk assessment of N-nitrosamines in food. EFSA J. 21(3), e07884.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.7884"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1326991","article-title":"Source-specific nitrate and nitrite intakes and associations with sociodemographic factors in the Danish Diet Cancer and Health cohort","volume":"11","author":"Erichsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109658","article-title":"Source-specific nitrate and nitrite intake and association with colorectal cancer in the Danish diet, cancer and health cohort","volume":"202","author":"Erichsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.10.034","article-title":"Nitrate in drinking water and bladder cancer risk in Spain","volume":"137","author":"Espejo-Herrera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30083","article-title":"Colorectal cancer risk and nitrate exposure through drinking water and diet","volume":"139","author":"Espejo-Herrera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2020.1842313","article-title":"Drinking-water nitrate and cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Essien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Occup. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0125","unstructured":"European Commission. Commission Decision (EU) 2021\/741 of 5 May 2021 concerning national provisions notified by Denmark on the addition of nitrite to certain meat products. Official Journal of the European Union 2021;L 159\/13."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0130","unstructured":"European Commission. Commission Decision (EU) 2024\/1225 of 30 April 2024 concerning national provisions notified by Denmark on the addition of nitrite to certain meat products. Official Journal of the European Union 2024;2024\/1225."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0135","first-page":"1","article-title":"Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European commission to perform a scientific risk assessment on nitrate in vegetables","volume":"689","author":"European Food Safety Authority","year":"2008","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS), Mortensen, A., Aguilar, F., Crebelli, R., Di Domenico, A., Dusemund, B., Frutos, M.J., Galtier, P., Gott, D., Gundert-Remy, U., et al., 2017. Re-evaluation of potassium nitrite (E 249) and sodium nitrite (E 250) as food additives. EFSA J. 15(6), e04786.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4786"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS), Mortensen, A., Aguilar, F., Crebelli, R., Di Domenico, A., Dusemund, B., Frutos, M.J., Galtier, P., Gott, D., Gundert-Remy, U., et al., 2017. Re-evaluation of sodium nitrate (E 251) and potassium nitrate (E 252) as food additives. EFSA J. 15(6), e04787.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4787"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054684","article-title":"DNA alkylation damage by nitrosamines and relevant DNA repair pathways","volume":"24","author":"Fahrer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0155","series-title":"Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today","author":"Ferlay","year":"2025"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4345","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25463","article-title":"Meat and components of meat and the risk of bladder cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study","volume":"116","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2024.10.007","article-title":"A systematic review and dose\u2012response meta-analysis of the association between nitrate & nitrite intake and gastroesophageal cancer risk","volume":"153","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"issue":"7 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810393562","article-title":"The Danish cancer registry","volume":"39","author":"Gjerstorff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24454","article-title":"Dietary intake of polyphenols, nitrate and nitrite and gastric cancer risk in Mexico City","volume":"125","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e3283429e32","article-title":"Canadian cancer registries epidemiology research G. Salt, processed meat and the risk of cancer","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167368","article-title":"Health-economic valuation of lowering nitrate standards in drinking water related to colorectal cancer in Denmark","volume":"906","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00565-0","article-title":"The urothelium: a multi-faceted barrier against a harsh environment","volume":"15","author":"Jafari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgl019","article-title":"Endogenous versus exogenous exposure to N-nitroso compounds and gastric cancer risk in the European prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST) study","volume":"27","author":"Jakszyn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"7 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810394715","article-title":"Danish education registers","volume":"39","author":"Jensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.02.010","article-title":"Ingested nitrate, disinfection by-products, and risk of colon and rectal cancers in the Iowa Women's Health Study cohort","volume":"126","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP191","article-title":"Nitrate from drinking water and diet and bladder cancer among postmenopausal women in Iowa","volume":"124","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249393","article-title":"The role of nitric oxide in cancer: master regulator or NOt?","volume":"21","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-025-00973-6","article-title":"Association of dietary nitrate and nitrite from plant sources with digestive system cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Long","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. (Lond.)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2466","article-title":"The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Lundberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1956.15","article-title":"The production of malignant primary hepatic tumours in the rat by feeding dimethylnitrosamine","volume":"10","author":"Magee","year":"1956","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2018.08.025","article-title":"Suggestion for a subdivision of processed meat products on the Danish market based on their content of carcinogenic compounds","volume":"147","author":"Mejborn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"issue":"8 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19861015)58:8+<1842::AID-CNCR2820581410>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Effects of vitamins C and E on N-nitroso compound formation, carcinogenesis, and cancer","volume":"58","author":"Mirvish","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0245","first-page":"775","article-title":"Dosing time with ascorbic acid and nitrate, gum and tobacco chewing, fasting, and other factors affecting N-nitrosoproline formation in healthy subjects taking proline with a standard meal","volume":"4","author":"Mirvish","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0250","first-page":"3117","article-title":"Endogenous nitrosation in relation to nitrate exposure from drinking water and diet in a Danish rural population","volume":"49","author":"Moeller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bap024","article-title":"Phenol-Explorer: an online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods","volume":"2010","author":"Neveu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Database (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0260","series-title":"Update on the Use of Nitrites as Food Additives - Health Aspects","author":"Olesen","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.4.900","article-title":"Development of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess food, energy and nutrient intake in Denmark","volume":"20","author":"Overvad","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"7 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810387965","article-title":"The Danish civil registration system","volume":"39","author":"Pedersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112988","article-title":"Nitrate and nitrite contamination in drinking water and cancer risk: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"210","author":"Picetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0280","unstructured":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2021.778467","article-title":"The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway on healthy ageing: a review of pre-clinical and clinical data on the impact of dietary nitrate in the elderly","volume":"2","author":"Rocha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0290","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiology of bladder cancer","volume":"8","author":"Saginala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0295","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc., 2024. SAS\/STAT software. Cary, NC."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(96)00075-X","article-title":"A note on quantifying follow-up in studies of failure time","volume":"17","author":"Schemper","year":"1996","journal-title":"Control. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2017.03.006","article-title":"Drinking water nitrate estimation at household-level in Danish population-based long-term epidemiologic studies","volume":"183","author":"Schullehner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schullehner, J., 2022. Danish Water Supply Areas and their links to water production facilities: an open-access data set. GEUS Bulletin 49.","DOI":"10.34194\/geusb.v49.8319"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2021.06.003","article-title":"Dietary N-nitroso compounds intake and bladder cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"115","author":"SeyyedSalehi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11020190","article-title":"Association of dietary nitrate, nitrite, and N-Nitroso compounds intake and gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Seyyedsalehi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/53.1.247S","article-title":"Inhibition of nitrosamine formation by ascorbic acid","volume":"53","author":"Tannenbaum","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.04.009","article-title":"Exposure-based assessment and economic valuation of adverse birth outcomes and cancer risk due to nitrate in United States drinking water","volume":"176","author":"Temkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.4.906","article-title":"Validation of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire developed in Denmark","volume":"20","author":"Tjonneland","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/21.4.770","article-title":"Influence of individually estimated portion size data on the validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire","volume":"21","author":"Tjonneland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940601047986","article-title":"Study design, exposure variables, and socioeconomic determinants of participation in Diet, Cancer and Health: a population-based prospective cohort study of 57,053 men and women in Denmark","volume":"35","author":"Tjonneland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac188","article-title":"Theory and performance of substitution models for estimating relative causal effects in nutritional epidemiology","author":"Tomova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab266","article-title":"Adjustment for energy intake in nutritional research: a causal inference perspective","volume":"115","author":"Tomova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-199706000-00003","article-title":"N-nitroso compounds and man: sources of exposure, endogenous formation and occurrence in body fluids","volume":"6","author":"Tricker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19395","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c06150","article-title":"Surface-water nitrate exposure to world populations has expanded and intensified during 1970-2010","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EDE.0000050664.28048.DF","article-title":"Nitrate in public water supplies and risk of bladder cancer","author":"Ward","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2008.14.3.193","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach and Esophagus and Drinking water and dietary sources of nitrate and nitrite","volume":"14","author":"Ward","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200105000-00013","article-title":"Municipal drinking water nitrate level and cancer risk in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study","volume":"12","author":"Weyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0385","series-title":"World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.38.5.861-869.1979","article-title":"Distribution and metabolism of ingested NO3- and NO2- in germfree and conventional-flora rats","volume":"38","author":"Witter","year":"1979","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4391","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1126\/science.441728","article-title":"Distribution of nitrogen-13 from labeled nitrate (13No3-) in humans and rats","volume":"204","author":"Witter","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19199-z","article-title":"The global epidemiology of bladder cancer: a joinpoint regression analysis of its incidence and mortality trends and projection","volume":"8","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0405","unstructured":"World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 94. Ingested nitrate and nitrite, and cyanobacterial peptide toxins. Lyon, France: WHO IARC, 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0410","unstructured":"World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to human. Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts. Volume 110C: a review of human carcinogens. Lyon, France: WHO\/IARC, 2012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0415","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2016. Nitrate and nitrite in drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Geneva: WHO."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.187","article-title":"Dietary intake of meat, fruits, vegetables, and selective micronutrients and risk of bladder cancer in the New England region of the United States","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117326","article-title":"Urinary levels of N-nitroso compounds in relation to risk of gastric cancer: findings from the shanghai cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9098","article-title":"Nitrate intake does not influence bladder cancer risk: the Netherlands cohort study","volume":"114","author":"Zeegers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04109","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04109","article-title":"The global landscape of bladder cancer incidence and mortality in 2020 and projections to 2040","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0440","series-title":"Nitr Navigator - A Comprehensive Nitrate, Nitrite and Nitrosamine Database","author":"Zhong","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133411","article-title":"A food composition database for assessing nitrate intake from plant-based foods","volume":"394","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong L, Liu AH, Blekkenhorst LC, Bondonno NP, Sim M, Woodman RJ, Croft KD, Lewis JR, Hodgson JM, Bondonno CP. Development of a food composition database for assessing nitrate and nitrite intake from animal-based foods. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021:e2100272.","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100272"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.01.031","article-title":"Nitrate and nitrite food composition database: an update and extensive deep dive","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412026003454?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412026003454?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:14:21Z","timestamp":1785330861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412026003454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["S0160412026003454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Source-specific nitrate and nitrite intake and bladder cancer: findings from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Cohort","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110387","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110387"}}