{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T17:06:22Z","timestamp":1789837582777,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001828","name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001828","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T15:18:28Z","timestamp":1786029508000},"page":"110449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The impact of 30\u00a0km\/h urban speed limits on physical activity-related outcomes: A repeated cross-sectional, controlled natural experiment in two Dutch cities with up to 15\u00a0months follow-up"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"215","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1039-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fleur","family":"Heuvelman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carel-Peter L.","family":"van Erpecum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9452-2907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bornioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5634-4609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Garc\u00eda-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Famke J.M.","family":"M\u00f6lenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4181-0937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joline W.J.","family":"Beulens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolette R.","family":"den Braver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2024.101771","article-title":"Impacts of active travel interventions on travel behaviour and health: results from a five-year longitudinal travel survey in Outer London","volume":"35","author":"Aldred","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e539","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30216-5","article-title":"Transformation of health systems: contribution of population health intervention research","volume":"2","author":"Alla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108547","article-title":"Exploring the heterogeneity in impacts of 30\u00a0km\/h speed interventions: a subgroup meta-analysis based on a systematic international review","volume":"232","author":"Ambros","year":"2026","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2021.05.001","article-title":"What executives get wrong about statistics: moving from statistical significance to effect sizes and practical impact","volume":"65","author":"Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8143","DOI":"10.3390\/su12198143","article-title":"Comprehensive traffic calming as a key element of sustainable urban mobility plans\u2014impacts of a neighbourhood redesign in Ljutomer","volume":"12","author":"Balant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023464","article-title":"Evaluating models for partially clustered designs","volume":"16","author":"Baldwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i143","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dau049","article-title":"Rethinking the evaluation and measurement of health in all policies","volume":"29","author":"Bauman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-9-116","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in occupational, leisure-time, and transport related physical activity among European adults: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Beenackers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0045","article-title":"Impacts of a city-wide 30\u2009km\/h speed limit intervention on physical activity, child safety and social behaviours: a natural experimental study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands","volume":"1\u201312","author":"Benton","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cities & Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-020-05485-y","article-title":"Association of objectively measured physical activity and bone health in children and adolescents: a systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"31","author":"Bland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2346-1","article-title":"The effect of physical exercise on bone density in middle-aged and older men: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Bolam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1086\/701235","article-title":"Analyzing skewed continuous outcomes with many zeros: a tutorial for social work and youth prevention science researchers","volume":"9","author":"Boulton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Soc. Soc. Work Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0065","unstructured":"Centraal Bureau Voor de Statistiek, 2016. Standaard Onderwijsindeling 2016. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cbs.nl\/nl-nl\/onze-diensten\/methoden\/classificaties\/onderwijs-en-beroepen\/standaard-onderwijsindeling--soi--\/standaard-onderwijsindeling-2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0070","unstructured":"Centraal Bureau Voor de Statistiek, 2023. Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2022. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cbs.nl\/nl-nl\/maatwerk\/2025\/13\/kerncijfers-wijken-en-buurten-2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0075","unstructured":"Centraal Bureau Voor de Statistiek, 2025. Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2025. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cbs.nl\/nl-nl\/cijfers\/detail\/86165NED."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0080","unstructured":"Centraal Bureau Voor de Statistiek, 2026. Regionale kerncijfers Nederland. Retrieved from https:\/\/opendata.cbs.nl\/#\/CBS\/nl\/dataset\/70072ned\/table?ts=1782115980797."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102627","article-title":"A qualitative exploration of the mechanisms, pathways and public health outcomes of a city centre 20mph speed limit intervention: the case of Belfast United Kingdom","volume":"70","author":"Cleland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2019.100633","article-title":"Effects of 20 mph interventions on a range of public health outcomes: a meta-narrative evidence synthesis","volume":"17","author":"Cleland","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08715-4","article-title":"The association between physical activity with incident obesity, coronary heart disease, diabetes and hypertension in adults: a systematic review of longitudinal studies published after 2012","volume":"20","author":"Cleven","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","article-title":"International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity","volume":"35","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044327","article-title":"Natural experiments: an overview of methods, approaches, and contributions to public health intervention research","volume":"38","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-020-00564-2","article-title":"Using natural experiments to improve public health evidence: a review of context and utility for obesity prevention","volume":"18","author":"Crane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Res. Policy Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01224-x","article-title":"Conceptualising natural and quasi experiments in public health","volume":"21","author":"de Vocht","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med.. Res. Methodol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/1065912907306470","article-title":"Improving causal inference: strengths and limitations of natural experiments","volume":"61","author":"Dunning","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polit. Res. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-10-98","article-title":"A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport","volume":"10","author":"Eime","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0130","article-title":"Conducting research with people in lower-socioeconomic-status contexts","volume":"6","author":"Emery","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Methods Pract. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16541-7","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term effects of physical activity interventions on objectively measured outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Gasana","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0140","article-title":"What are effective policies for promoting physical activity? A systematic review of reviews","volume":"18","author":"Gelius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0145","unstructured":"Gemeente Amsterdam. (n.d.). beleidsnota 30km in de stad Retrieved from https:\/\/www.amsterdam.nl\/30-km-u-in-de-stad\/."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302059","article-title":"New walking and cycling routes and increased physical activity: one- and 2-year findings from the UK iConnect Study","volume":"104","author":"Goodman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0155","unstructured":"Goudappel, 2021. Van visie naar uitvoering: 30 km\/u in Rotterdam. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.goudappel.nl\/nl\/projecten\/van-visie-naar-uitvoering-30-kmu-rotterdam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heuvelman, F., Birkholz, L., Tcymbal, A., Lakerveld, J., Beulens, J. W. J., Woods, C., Abu-Omar, K., Volf, K., Sandu, P., Jankauskiene, R., Gobis, A., Wachnicka, J., \u017bukowska, J., Gelius, P., Schoonmade, L. J., Messing, S., den Braver, N. R., & on behalf of the, I.c., 2026. The impact of public policy on socioeconomic equity in physical activity: a systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Activity., doi:10.1186\/s12966-026-01880-6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-026-01880-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/21650020.2014.955210","article-title":"Bicycle infrastructure: can good design encourage cycling?","volume":"2","author":"Hull","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urban Plann. Transport Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2022-219729","article-title":"Investigating the impact of a 20 miles per hour speed limit intervention on road traffic collisions, casualties, speed and volume in Belfast, UK: 3 year follow-up outcomes of a natural experiment","volume":"77","author":"Hunter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.1.5","article-title":"Recent developments in the econometrics of program evaluation","volume":"47","author":"Imbens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Econ. Lit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0180","unstructured":"IPAQ Research Committee, 2005. Guidelines for Data Processing and Analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) \u2013 Short and Long Forms. Retrieved from https:\/\/share.google\/ASqr5KTz7FdMyemi5."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062525","article-title":"Change in neighborhood traffic safety: does it matter in terms of physical activity?","volume":"8","author":"Jongeneel-Grimen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0190","unstructured":"KNMI, 2026. Daggegevens van het weer in Nederland. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.knmi.nl\/nederland-nu\/klimatologie\/daggegevens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0195","article-title":"From trips to stages: a methodology for Generating Stage Information in trip-level Household travel surveys","author":"Koszowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-10-11","article-title":"Neighbourhood safety and leisure-time physical activity among Dutch adults: a multilevel perspective","volume":"10","author":"Kramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0205","unstructured":"Le, D., Schenk, N., 2025. Onderzoeksrapport 30 km\/u in de stad. Retrieved from https:\/\/openresearch.amsterdam\/nl\/page\/124453\/onderzoeksrapport-30-km-u-in-de-stad."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2018.1488449","article-title":"Natural experiment methodology for research: a review of how different methods can support real-world research","volume":"22","author":"Leatherdale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"issue":"9838","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9","article-title":"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy","volume":"380","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-115","article-title":"Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-018-0762-5","article-title":"Measuring change in trials of physical activity interventions: a comparison of self-report questionnaire and accelerometry within the PACE-UP trial","volume":"16","author":"Limb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0230","article-title":"Powering population health research: considerations for plausible and actionable effect sizes","volume":"14","author":"Matthay","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-024-01213-8","article-title":"The tales of two cities: use of evidence for introducing 20 miles per hour speed limits in Edinburgh and Belfast (United Kingdom)","volume":"22","author":"Milton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Res. Policy Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2021.101141","article-title":"Use of natural experimental studies to evaluate 20mph speed limits in two major UK cities","volume":"22","author":"Milton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0245","article-title":"What is the short-term impact of decreasing the speed limit for motor vehicles on bicycle communing? Evidence from french cities during covid-19 pandemic","volume":"23","author":"Moulin","year":"2022","journal-title":"B.E J. Econ. Anal. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2013.08.004","article-title":"Efficiency of speed limits in cities: a spatial computable general equilibrium assessment","volume":"56","author":"Nitzsche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. A Policy Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxm009","article-title":"The built environment and obesity","volume":"29","author":"Papas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.0609","article-title":"Association between physical activity and risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Pearce","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0265","unstructured":"Plasmans, M.H.D., Hazekamp, T.C.H., Zantinge, E.M., 2025. Bewegen | Volwassenen. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.vzinfo.nl\/bewegen\/volwassenen."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01441640701806612","article-title":"Making cycling irresistible: lessons from the Netherlands Denmark and Germany","volume":"28","author":"Pucher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"issue":"10051","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30728-0","article-title":"Scaling up physical activity interventions worldwide: stepping up to larger and smarter approaches to get people moving","volume":"388","author":"Reis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9072454","article-title":"Physical activity associated with public transport use\u2013a review and modelling of potential benefits","volume":"9","author":"Rissel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01099-5","article-title":"Role of physical activity and sedentary behavior in the mental health of preschoolers, children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Rodriguez-Ayllon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.3.427","article-title":"Sick individuals and sick populations","volume":"30","author":"Rose","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"10112","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31267-9","article-title":"The need for a complex systems model of evidence for public health","volume":"390","author":"Rutter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16035-6","article-title":"Effects of major urban redesign on sedentary behavior, physical activity, active transport and health-related quality of life in adults","volume":"23","author":"Stappers","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1232","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00150-5","article-title":"National, regional, and global trends in insufficient physical activity among adults from 2000 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 507 population-based surveys with 5\u00b77 million participants","volume":"12","author":"Strain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"issue":"10298","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01652-4","article-title":"A sporting chance: physical activity as part of everyday life","volume":"398","author":"Lancet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0315","first-page":"1","article-title":"mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2024.101917","article-title":"20mph speed limits and zones for better public health: meta-narrative evidence synthesis","volume":"39","author":"van Erpecum","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2025.102042","article-title":"Thirty km\/h speed limits for better public health: study protocol of a natural experiment in Rotterdam, the Netherlands","volume":"42","author":"van Erpecum","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2025.101510","article-title":"How do decision-makers justify the implementation of 30 km\/h interventions in the Netherlands? An analysis of 47 traffic order documents","volume":"21","author":"van Erpecum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Case Stud. Transp. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0335","unstructured":"van Hees, V.M.J., Sabia, S., Patterson, M., Fang, Z., Heywood, J., Capdevila Pujol, J., Kushleyeva, L., Chen, M., Yerramalla, M., Bos, P., Sanders, T., Zhao, C., Meneghel Danilevicz, I., Barreto Mesquita, V., Segantin, G., Medical Research Council UK, Accelting, French National Research Agency (2025). (2025). GGIR: Raw Accelerometer Data Analysis. In."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2016.1154108","article-title":"The ASA statement on p-values: context, process, and purpose","volume":"70","author":"Wasserstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American Statistician"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","article-title":"Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice","volume":"30","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040617-013507","article-title":"Designing difference in difference studies: best practices for public health policy research","volume":"39","author":"Wing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0355","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2021. Campaign launched to make 30 km\/h streets the norm for cities worldwide. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/22-03-2021-campaign-launched-to-make-30-km-h-streets-the-norm-for-cities-worldwide."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0360","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO), 2022. Physical activity. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/physical-activity."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0494-0","article-title":"Effects of exercise on bone status in female subjects, from young girls to postmenopausal women: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2024.11.003","article-title":"Effectiveness of 30 km\/h speed limit \u2013 a literature review","volume":"92","author":"Yannis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412026004071?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412026004071?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:38:44Z","timestamp":1789835924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412026004071"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["S0160412026004071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The impact of 30\u00a0km\/h urban speed limits on physical activity-related outcomes: A repeated cross-sectional, controlled natural experiment in two Dutch cities with up to 15\u00a0months follow-up","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110449","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110449"}}