{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T17:04:55Z","timestamp":1789837495321,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012421","name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAAS- ASTIP -2021- CNRRI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS- ASTIP -2021- CNRRI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010051","name":"Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008749","name":"Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007925","name":"Huazhong Agricultural University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014ZX08001-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014ZX08001-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T15:37:08Z","timestamp":1786635428000},"page":"110457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Environmental impact of long-term Bt rice cultivation on soil microbiomes: insights from 15-year field monitoring and interpretable machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"215","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6786-2567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pin-Jun","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Chun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng-Xiang","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Xia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Jun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0005","volume":"mSystems 6","author":"Aasmets","year":"2021","journal-title":"Machine Learning Reveals Time-Varying Microbial Predictors with Complex Effects on Glucose Regulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2013.01.004","article-title":"Effects of tillage and nitrogen rate on decomposition of transgenic Bt and near-isogenic non-Bt maize residue","volume":"129","author":"Al-Kaisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12377","article-title":"Visualizing the effects of predictor variables in black box supervised learning models","volume":"82","author":"Apley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Roy. Stat. Soc. Ser. b. (stat. Method.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-021-06019-1","article-title":"Bayesian optimization with safety constraints: safe and automatic parameter tuning in robotics","volume":"112","author":"Berkenkamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2011.02.006","article-title":"Bacillus thuringiensis: a story of a successful bioinsecticide","volume":"41","author":"Bravo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2017.119","article-title":"Exact sequence variants should replace operational taxonomic units in marker-gene data analysis","volume":"11","author":"Callahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2013.03.007","article-title":"Promise and issues of genetically modified crops","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120709-144810","article-title":"Insect-resistant genetically modified rice in China: from research to commercialization","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.004","article-title":"Gut microbiota orchestrates energy homeostasis during cold","volume":"163","author":"Chevalier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-022-02695-w","article-title":"GeneSelectML: a comprehensive way of gene selection for RNA-Seq data via machine learning algorithms","volume":"61","author":"Dag","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Compu."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2007.03.004","article-title":"Neither transgenic Bt maize (MON863) nor tefluthrin insecticide adversely affect soil microbial activity or biomass: a 3-year field analysis","volume":"39","author":"Devare","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2004.0837","article-title":"Effect of Cry3Bb transgenic corn and tefluthrin on the soil microbial community: Biomass, activity, and diversity","volume":"33","author":"Devare","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2006.01.002","article-title":"Occurrence and persistence of bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and transgenic Bt corn cry1Ab gene from an aquatic environment","volume":"66","author":"Douville","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s43705-021-00081-5","article-title":"Depth dependence of climatic controls on soil microbial community activity and composition","volume":"1","author":"Dove","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2012.03.011","article-title":"Digging deeper to find unique microbial communities: the strong effect of depth on the structure of bacterial and archaeal communities in soil","volume":"50","author":"Eilers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0085","first-page":"1","article-title":"Machine learning in nutrient management: a review","volume":"9","author":"Ennaji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(11)60939-X","article-title":"Effect of vegetation of transgenic Bt rice lines and their straw amendment on soil enzymes, respiration, functional diversity and community structure of soil microorganisms under field conditions","volume":"24","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. (China)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120006","article-title":"Impact of dual Bt-transgenic maize (2A7) on soil microbial communities and enzyme activities: a comparative study with control variety Z58","volume":"263","author":"Fazal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00374-013-0776-8","article-title":"Microbial response of soils with organic and conventional management history to the cultivation of bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-maize under climate chamber conditions","volume":"49","author":"Flie\u00dfbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Fertility Soils"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5229","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065229","article-title":"Gut microbes meet machine learning: the next step towards advancing our understanding of the gut microbiome in health and disease","volume":"24","author":"Giuffr\u00e8","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopu, V.; Camacho, F.R.; Toma, R.; Torres, P.J.; Cai, Y.; Krishnan, S.; Rajagopal, S.; Tily, H.; Vuyisich, M.; Banavar, G. 2024. An accurate aging clock developed from large-scale gut microbiome and human gene expression data. iScience 27:108538. doi: 10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108538.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108538"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0540-1","article-title":"Amplicon sequencing provides more accurate microbiome information in healthy children compared to culturing","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s43705-022-00182-9","article-title":"Machine learning and deep learning applications in microbiome research","volume":"2","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez Medina","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISME Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13101300","article-title":"Bt-modified transgenic rice may shift the composition and diversity of rhizosphere microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.09.046","article-title":"Persistence of detectable insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (Cry) and toxicity after adsorption on contrasting soils","volume":"208","author":"Hung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01052","article-title":"Unraveling the complexity of soil microbiomes in a large-scale study subjected to different agricultural management in Styria","volume":"11","author":"K\u00f6berl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0140","unstructured":"Kuhn, M., Wickham, H., 2020. Tidymodels: a collection of packages for modeling and machine learning using tidyverse principles. https:\/\/www.tidymodels.org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04997-8","article-title":"Effects of long-term cultivation of transgenic Bt rice (Kefeng-6) on soil microbial functioning and C cycling","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-020-0080-8","article-title":"The concept and future prospects of soil health","volume":"1","author":"Lehmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9779","DOI":"10.3390\/su15129779","article-title":"Application and development of Bt insect resistance genes in rice breeding","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6178","article-title":"Development of \u2018multiresistance rice\u2019 by an assembly of herbicide, insect and disease resistance genes with a transgene stacking system","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pest Manage. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0165","article-title":"A 2-year field study shows little evidence that the long-term planting of transgenic insect-resistant cotton affects the community structure of soil nematodes","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12464","article-title":"The development and status of Bt rice in China","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-020-0685-4","article-title":"Excessive chinese concerns over genetically engineered food safety are unjustified","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11091212","article-title":"Environmental behaviors of bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins and their effects on microbial ecology","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112805","article-title":"Environmental fate of Bt proteins in soil: Transport, adsorption\/desorption and degradation","volume":"226","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W.; Hao Lu, H.; Wu, W.; Kun Wei, Q.; Xu Chen, Y.; Thies, J.E. 2008. Transgenic Bt rice does not affect enzyme activities and microbial composition in the rhizosphere during crop development. Soil Biol. Biochem. 40:475\u2013486. doi: 10.1016\/j.soilbio.2007.09.017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2007.09.017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-014-0899-z","article-title":"Carbon flux from decomposing 13C-labeled transgenic and nontransgenic parental rice straw in paddy soil","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Soils Sed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.05.073","article-title":"The effects of the presence of Bt-transgenic oilseed rape in wild mustard populations on the rhizosphere nematode and microbial communities","volume":"530\u2013531","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s43705-021-00046-8","article-title":"Limited resilience of the soil microbiome to mechanical compaction within four growing seasons of agricultural management","volume":"1","author":"Longepierre","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10343-025-01119-7","article-title":"25 years of pesticidal Cry1Ab\/Ac fusion proteins in crop protection: advances in Bt crop development, target pest management, safety, environmental impact, and regulatory frameworks","volume":"77","author":"Majumder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Crop Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116178","article-title":"The role of land use, management, and microbial diversity depletion on glyphosate biodegradation in tropical soils","volume":"231","author":"Martins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13081622","article-title":"Machine learning approaches for forecasting the best microbial strains to alleviate drought impact in agriculture","volume":"13","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12060741","article-title":"Rice for food security: Revisiting its production, diversity, rice milling process and nutrient content","volume":"12","author":"Mohidem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-005-5979-9","article-title":"Persistence and impact on microorganisms of bacillus thuringiensis proteins in some Zimbabwean soils","volume":"266","author":"Muchaonyerwa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant and Soil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1359388","article-title":"Introduction and scientific justification of data transportability for confined field testing for the ERA of GM plants","volume":"12","author":"Nakai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ado9340","article-title":"Environmental impacts of genetically modified crops","volume":"385","author":"Noack","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1111\/sum.12811","article-title":"Soil microbial inoculants for sustainable agriculture: Limitations and opportunities","volume":"38","author":"O'Callaghan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Use Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2658","article-title":"Differential abundance analysis for microbial marker-gene surveys","volume":"10","author":"Paulson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202000575","article-title":"Microbial, environmental and anthropogenic factors influencing the indoor microbiome of the built environment","volume":"61","author":"Rai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedobi.2009.10.001","article-title":"Specific respiration rates, adenylates, and energy budgets of soil microorganisms after addition of transgenic Bt-maize straw","volume":"53","author":"Raubuch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pedobiologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","article-title":"limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies","volume":"43","author":"Ritchie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-008-0508-y","article-title":"Assessment of biological and biochemical indicators in soil under transgenic Bt and non-Bt cotton crop in a sub-tropical environment","volume":"156","author":"Sarkar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(01)00027-X","article-title":"Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin released from root exudates and biomass of Bt corn has no apparent effect on earthworms, nematodes, protozoa, bacteria, and fungi in soil","volume":"33","author":"Saxena","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00374-017-1248-3","article-title":"Microbial indicators for soil quality","volume":"54","author":"Schloter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Fertility Soils"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoch, C.L.; Seifert, K.A.; Huhndorf, S.; Robert, V.; Spouge, J.L.; Levesque, C.A.; Chen, W.; Consortium, F.B.; List, F.B.C.A.; Bolchacova, E.; Voigt, K.; Crous, P.W.; Miller, A.N.; Wingfield, M.J.; Aime, M.C.; An, K.-D.; Bai, F.-Y.; Barreto, R.W.; Begerow, D.; Bergeron, M.-J.; Blackwell, M.; Boekhout, T.; Bogale, M.; Boonyuen, N.; Burgaz, A.R.; Buyck, B.; Cai, L.; Cai, Q.; Cardinali, G.; Chaverri, P.; Coppins, B.J.; Crespo, A.; Cubas, P.; Cummings, C.; Damm, U.; de Beer, Z.W.; de Hoog, G.S.; Del-Prado, R.; Dentinger, B.; Di\u00e9guez-Uribeondo, J.; Divakar, P.K.; Douglas, B.; Due\u00f1as, M.; Duong, T.A.; Eberhardt, U.; Edwards, J.E.; Elshahed, M.S.; Fliegerova, K.; Furtado, M.; Garc\u00eda, M.A.; Ge, Z.-W.; Griffith, G.W.; Griffiths, K.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Groenewald, M.; Grube, M.; Gryzenhout, M.; Guo, L.-D.; Hagen, F.; Hambleton, S.; Hamelin, R.C.; Hansen, K.; Harrold, P.; Heller, G.; Herrera, C.; Hirayama, K.; Hirooka, Y.; Ho, H.-M.; Hoffmann, K.; Hofstetter, V.; H\u00f6gnabba, F.; Hollingsworth, P.M.; Hong, S.-B.; Hosaka, K.; Houbraken, J.; Hughes, K.; Huhtinen, S.; Hyde, K.D.; James, T.; Johnson, E.M.; Johnson, J.E.; Johnston, P.R.; Jones, E.B.G.; Kelly, L.J.; Kirk, P.M.; Knapp, D.G.; K\u00f5ljalg, U.; Kov\u00e1cs, G.M.; Kurtzman, C.P.; Landvik, S.; Leavitt, S.D.; Liggenstoffer, A.S.; Liimatainen, K.; Lombard, L.; Luangsa-ard, J.J.; Lumbsch, H.T.; Maganti, H.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Martin, M.P.; May, T.W.; McTaggart, A.R.; Methven, A.S.; Meyer, W.; Moncalvo, J.-M.; Mongkolsamrit, S.; Nagy, L.G.; Nilsson, R.H.; Niskanen, T.; Nyilasi, I.; Okada, G.; Okane, I.; Olariaga, I.; Otte, J.; Papp, T.; Park, D.; Petkovits, T.; Pino-Bodas, R.; Quaedvlieg, W.; Raja, H.A.; Redecker, D.; Rintoul, T.L.; Ruibal, C.; Sarmiento-Ram\u00edrez, J.M.; Schmitt, I.; Sch\u00fc\u00dfler, A.; Shearer, C.; Sotome, K.; Stefani, F.O.P.; Stenroos, S.; Stielow, B.; Stockinger, H.; Suetrong, S.; Suh, S.-O.; Sung, G.-H.; Suzuki, M.; Tanaka, K.; Tedersoo, L.; Telleria, M.T.; Tretter, E.; Untereiner, W.A.; Urbina, H.; V\u00e1gv\u00f6lgyi, C.; Vialle, A.; Vu, T.D.; Walther, G.; Wang, Q.-M.; Wang, Y.; Weir, B.S.; Wei\u00df, M.; White, M.M.; Xu, J.; Yahr, R.; Yang, Z.L.; Yurkov, A.; Zamora, J.-C.; Zhang, N.; Zhuang, W.-Y.; Schindel, D. 2012. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109:6241\u20136246. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1117018109.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117018109"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-006-9000-z","article-title":"Transgenic Bt cotton has no apparent effect on enzymatic activities or functional diversity of microbial communities in rhizosphere soil","volume":"285","author":"Shen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant and Soil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1021\/jf960647w","article-title":"Soil inactivation of the bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. kurstaki CryIIA insecticidal protein within transgenic cotton tissue: Laboratory microcosm and field studies","volume":"45","author":"Sims","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-015-0903-5","article-title":"Current trends in Bt crops and their fate on associated microbial community dynamics: a review","volume":"253","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-012-2569-1","article-title":"Effects of transgenic Bt cotton on soil fertility and biology under field conditions in subtropical inceptisol","volume":"185","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(20)63271-3","article-title":"Changes in bacterial community and abundance of functional genes in paddy soil with cry1Ab transgenic rice","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(14)60021-7","article-title":"Diversity of microbial community in a paddy soil with cry1Ac\/cpti transgenic rice","volume":"24","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2016.01.016","article-title":"Microbial carbon use efficiency and biomass turnover times depending on soil depth \u2013 Implications for carbon cycling","volume":"96","author":"Spohn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/80310","article-title":"Field performance of transgenic elite commercial hybrid rice expressing bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin","volume":"18","author":"Tu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-021-04193-6","article-title":"Comparison study of differential abundance testing methods using two large Parkinson disease gut microbiome datasets derived from 16S amplicon sequencing","volume":"22","author":"Wallen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.148965","article-title":"Advances in functional genomics of major rice pests and pathogens and their molecular interactions with the host: a comprehensive review","volume":"333","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.125591","article-title":"Bt toxins alter bacterial communities and their potential functions in earthworm intestines","volume":"367","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2026.141175","article-title":"Multi-omics reveals taxonomic and functional adaptations of soil microbiota to Bt toxin exposure","volume":"503","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2003.09.014","article-title":"Bt-transgenic rice straw affects the culturable microbiota and dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities in a flooded paddy soil","volume":"36","author":"Wei-xiang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.17221\/627\/2011-PSE","article-title":"Impact of Bt-transgenic rice (SHK601) on soil ecosystems in the rhizosphere during crop development","volume":"58","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Soil Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2021.108472","article-title":"Predicting measures of soil health using the microbiome and supervised machine learning","volume":"164","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1255056","article-title":"Various green manure-fertilizer combinations affect the soil microbial community and function in immature red soil","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70403","article-title":"Potato expressing Cry1C and Cry2A confers resistance to Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)","volume":"82","author":"Yan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pest Manage. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2013.01.008","article-title":"The specific responses of Acari community to Bt cotton cultivation in agricultural soils in northern China","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/00103624.2012.644008","article-title":"Effect of transgenic Bt cotton on bioactivities and nutrients in rhizosphere soil","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2010.09.012","article-title":"Plant lignin and nitrogen contents control carbon dioxide production and nitrogen mineralization in soils incubated with Bt and non-Bt corn residues","volume":"43","author":"Yanni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2016.02.013","article-title":"Soil bacterial community dynamics reflect changes in plant community and soil properties during the secondary succession of abandoned farmland in the Loess Plateau","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14112737","article-title":"Effects of continuous return of Bt corn straw on soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and microbial communities","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1464-0","article-title":"Statistical evaluation of diet-microbe associations","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04997-8","article-title":"Effects of long-term cultivation of transgenic Bt rice (Kefeng-6) on soil microbial functioning and C cycling","volume":"7","author":"Zhaolei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x","article-title":"Regularization and variable selection via the elastic net","volume":"67","author":"Zou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Roy. Stat. Soc. Ser. b. (Stat. Method.)"}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412026004150?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412026004150?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:39:08Z","timestamp":1789835948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412026004150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["S0160412026004150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Environmental impact of long-term Bt rice cultivation on soil microbiomes: insights from 15-year field monitoring and interpretable machine learning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110457","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110457"}}