{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:37:51Z","timestamp":1792715871196,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013061","name":"Jilin Scientific and Technological Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20240305077YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240305077YY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T09:46:42Z","timestamp":1789120002000},"page":"110518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Unraveling shared immunotoxicological mechanisms linking exposure to PPCPs with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and atherosclerosis: integrative multi-omics, network toxicology, and experimental validation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"216","author":[{"given":"Zhian","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiankang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201311-2033OC","article-title":"Transforming growth factor \u03b2-induced protein promotes severe vascular inflammatory responses","volume":"189","author":"Bae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.05.006","article-title":"Salvianolic acid B inhibits macrophage uptake of modified low density lipoprotein (mLDL) in a scavenger receptor CD36-dependent manner","volume":"223","author":"Bao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104477","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: what are the big questions?","volume":"120","author":"Boxall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0020","first-page":"986","article-title":"Association of plastic-associated chemicals with Alzheimer\u2019s disease amyloid-\u03b2 and cognitive status","volume":"107","author":"Canovas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109324","article-title":"Exploring the mechanism of PPCPs on human metabolic diseases based on network toxicology and molecular docking","volume":"196","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003426","article-title":"Disease-associated microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: friend or foe?","volume":"23","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-017-0546-5","article-title":"CD44 and its ligand hyaluronan as potential biomarkers in malignant pleural mesothelioma: evidence and perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Cortes-Dericks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01257-z","article-title":"Perivascular cells induce microglial phagocytic states and synaptic engulfment via SPP1 in mouse models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"De Schepper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020439","article-title":"Shared molecular mechanisms among Alzheimer\u2019s disease, neurovascular unit dysfunction and vascular risk factors: a narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Falsetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-68706-8","article-title":"TREM2 expression level is critical for microglial state, metabolic capacity and efficacy of TREM2 agonism","volume":"17","author":"Feiten","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0590-4","article-title":"Single-cell immune landscape of human atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"25","author":"Fernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.12.012","article-title":"The MRGPR family of receptors in immunity","volume":"57","author":"Gour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109784","article-title":"Integrated network toxicology, machine learning, molecular docking and experimental validation to elucidate mechanism of polyethylene terephthalate microplastics inducing periodontitis","volume":"203","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163514","article-title":"Chemical prioritization of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in an urban tributary of the Potomac River","volume":"881","author":"Hawkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3102","article-title":"Innate immunity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107841","article-title":"Identifying G protein-coupled receptors involved in adipose tissue function using the innovative RNA-seq database FATTLAS","volume":"26","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018","article-title":"A unique microglia type associated with restricting development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"169","author":"Keren-Shaul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-025-08836-2","article-title":"The peripheral amyloid-\u03b2 nexus: connecting Alzheimer\u2019s disease with atherosclerosis through shared pathophysiological mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Khowdiary","year":"2025","journal-title":"NeuroMol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.008","article-title":"The TREM2-APOE pathway drives the transcriptional phenotype of dysfunctional microglia in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"47","author":"Krasemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0100","article-title":"Single-cell and spatial analysis reveals the interaction between ITLN1+ foam cells and SPP1+ macrophages in atherosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.06.012","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs): a review on environmental contamination in China","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110077","article-title":"Synergistic disruption of blood-brain barrier and neuroimmune homeostasis by sleep-related environmental pollutants drives sleep disorders: an integrated computational and experimental study","volume":"208","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19146","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c05659","article-title":"Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in global surface waters: risk and drivers","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04393-8","article-title":"Human microglial transitions at the A\u03b2\u2013tau inflection point associate with divergent pathways to dementia and resilience","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1195-2","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"570","author":"Mathys","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.11.007","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risks, 1990\u20132022","volume":"82","author":"Mensah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"7","author":"Nichols","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3778","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15826","article-title":"Inhibition of chemically and mechanically activated Piezo1 channels as a mechanism for ameliorating atherosclerosis with salvianolic acid B","volume":"179","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-023-00354-3","article-title":"Trem2 promotes foamy macrophage lipid uptake and survival in atherosclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Patterson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-024-00429-9","article-title":"TREM2 protects from atherosclerosis by limiting necrotic core formation","volume":"3","author":"Piollet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00584-1","article-title":"How the immune system shapes atherosclerosis: roles of innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"22","author":"Roy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1681358","article-title":"Salvianolic acid B: A promising cardioprotective agent","volume":"16","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137652","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the aquatic environment of China: which chemicals are the prioritized ones?","volume":"720","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-023-01125-3","article-title":"Salvianolic acid B ameliorates retinal deficits in an early-stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model through downregulating BACE1 and A\u03b2 generation","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113502","article-title":"Ibuprofen modulates macrophage polarization by downregulating poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-010-0151-1","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of salvianolic acid B in microglia contributes to its neuroprotective effect","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaa056","article-title":"Topical application of the antimicrobial agent triclosan induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"176","author":"Weatherly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitehead, S.N., Bruno, A., Burns, J.M., Carmichael, S.T., Csiszar, A., Edwards, J.D., Elahi, F.M., Faraco, G., Gould, D.B., Gustafson, D.R., 2022. Expanding the horizon of research into the pathogenesis of the white matter diseases: Proceedings of the 2021 Annual Workshop of the Albert Research Institute for White Matter and Cognition. GeroScience 44, 25\u201337. Doi: 10.1007\/s11357-021-00461-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-021-00461-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2113947119","article-title":"Pharmaceutical pollution of the world\u2019s rivers","volume":"119","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.70247","article-title":"Network toxicology and molecular docking strategy for analyzing the toxicity and mechanisms of bisphenol A in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15616","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c18707","article-title":"Bisphenol A and its substitutes show proatherosclerotic potential through the dysregulation of CD36-driven cholesterol homeostasis","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114473","article-title":"Effects of carbamazepine on gut microbiota, ARGs and intestinal health in zebrafish","volume":"249","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c04250","article-title":"Which micropollutants in water environments deserve more attention globally?","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.04.122","article-title":"Salvianolic acid B accelerated ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux by targeting PPAR-\u03b3 and LXR\u03b1","volume":"462","author":"Yue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.07.012","article-title":"Salvianolic acid B promotes microglial M2-polarization and rescues neurogenesis in stress-exposed mice","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01103-0","article-title":"Extracellular matrix in vascular homeostasis and disease","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.172916","article-title":"Salvianolic acid B regulates macrophage polarization in ischemic\/reperfused hearts by inhibiting mTORC1-induced glycolysis","volume":"871","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2023.102260","article-title":"Salvianolic acid B exerts protective effects against A\u03b2-induced neuroinflammation through the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and switching of M1\/M2 polarization","volume":"85","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3114","article-title":"Neurovascular pathways to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other disorders","volume":"12","author":"Zlokovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412026004769?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412026004769?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T23:41:24Z","timestamp":1792712484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412026004769"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0160412026004769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Unraveling shared immunotoxicological mechanisms linking exposure to PPCPs with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and atherosclerosis: integrative multi-omics, network toxicology, and experimental validation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110518","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110518"}}