{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:38:06Z","timestamp":1792715886486,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC3714600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3714600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52388101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52388101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22576098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22576098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22376099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22376099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22322605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22322605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:42:37Z","timestamp":1789195357000},"page":"110521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Toxicity of 0.5\u00a0\u2212\u00a05 kDa disinfection byproducts: a total organic halogen-based normalization reveals overlooked risks in disinfected waters"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"216","author":[{"given":"Zi-Ang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiafeng","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongqiang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c07998","article-title":"Drivers of disinfection byproduct cytotoxicity in U.S. drinking water: should other DBPs be considered for regulation?","volume":"56","author":"Allen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0010","series-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"Apha","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.1021\/ac504866v","article-title":"Targeted high-resolution ion mobility separation coupled to ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry of endocrine disruptors in complex mixtures","volume":"87","author":"Benigni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409234","article-title":"Blood biomarkers of late pregnancy exposure to trihalomethanes in drinking water and fetal growth measures and gestational age in a chinese cohort","volume":"124","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.123074","article-title":"Generation of DBPs from dissolved organic matter by solar photolysis of chlorine: associated changes of cytotoxicity and reactive species","volume":"274","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7290","DOI":"10.1021\/es0605319","article-title":"Modeling the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from the reaction of natural organic matter (NOM) with monochloramine","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18788","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c00771","article-title":"Unravelling high-molecular-weight DBP toxicity drivers in chlorinated and chloraminated drinking water: effect-directed analysis of molecular weight fractions","volume":"57","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123786","article-title":"Decreased bromate formation but inadvertently increased toxicity in the chloramination-ozonation process: essential roles of halamines in generating halogenated and nitrogenous byproducts","volume":"283","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105108","article-title":"Disinfection by-products in drinking water: critical issues in health effects research","volume":"105","author":"Fawell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17663","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c05560","article-title":"Interaction of graphitic carbon nitride with cell membranes: probing phospholipid extraction and lipid bilayer destruction","volume":"56","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134942","article-title":"A comparison of dissolved organic matter transformation in low pressure ultraviolet (LPUV) and ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED)\/chlorine processes","volume":"702","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21343","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c09818","article-title":"Comparison of Halophenol, Halonitrophenol, and Halosalicylic Acid Formation vs 1\u22122 Carbon DBP Formation during Chlorination and Chloramination of Surface Waters","volume":"59","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19148","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c05035","article-title":"Effect-directed analysis combined with nontarget screening to identify unmonitored toxic substances in the environment","volume":"57","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9062","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c00944","article-title":"Effect-based identification of hazardous antibiotic transformation products after water chlorination","volume":"54","author":"Ja\u00e9n-Gil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136359","article-title":"Unravelling relationships between fluorescence spectra, molecular weight distribution and hydrophobicity fraction of dissolved organic matter in municipal wastewater","volume":"308","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.119702","article-title":"Changes of dissolved organic matter fractions and formation of oxidation byproducts during electrochemical treatment of landfill leachates: development of spectroscopic indicators for process optimization","volume":"232","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-022-00985-7","article-title":"Toxicological assessment of potable reuse and conventional drinking waters","volume":"6","author":"Lau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5729","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c00958","article-title":"Assessing additivity of cytotoxicity associated with disinfection byproducts in potable reuse and conventional drinking waters","volume":"54","author":"Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146690","article-title":"Species and formation characteristics of halogenated DBPs in chloramination of tannic acid after biodegradation","volume":"781","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122796","article-title":"Effects of alternative disinfection methods on the characteristics of effluent organic matter and the formation of disinfection byproducts","volume":"340","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c04823","article-title":"Preferential halogenation of algal organic matter by iodine over chlorine and bromine: formation of disinfection byproducts and correlation with toxicity of disinfected waters","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9925","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c10996","article-title":"High-efficiency effect-directed analysis leveraging five high level advancements: a critical review","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-022-00898-5","article-title":"Spatial assessment of tap-water safety in China","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12990","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c02725","article-title":"Comparative Nontargeted Analysis and Toxicity of Brominated Disinfection Byproducts from Chlorination and Chloramination of Natural Organic Matter","volume":"59","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6743","DOI":"10.1021\/es501412n","article-title":"Integrated chemical and toxicological investigation of UV-chlorine\/ chloramine drinking water treatment","volume":"48","author":"Lyon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(86)90011-5","article-title":"Water chlorination \u2212 chemistry, environmental impact and health effects","volume":"24","author":"Jolley","year":"1986","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-023-00064-x","article-title":"High-molecular-weight by-products of chlorine disinfection","volume":"1","author":"Mitch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04819","article-title":"Formation of Haloacetonitriles, Haloacetamides, and Nitrogenous Heterocyclic Byproducts by Chloramination of Phenolic Compounds","volume":"51","author":"Nihemaiti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c04640","article-title":"Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues","volume":"94","author":"Richardson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6495","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b00712","article-title":"Sample enrichment for bioanalytical assessment of disinfected drinking water: concentrating the polar, the volatiles, and the unknowns","volume":"50","author":"Stalter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141536","article-title":"Formation of nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products during the chloramination treatment of an emerging pollutant","volume":"353","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP7195","article-title":"Trimester-specific blood trihalomethane and urinary haloacetic acid concentrations and adverse birth outcomes: Identifying windows of vulnerability during pregnancy","volume":"128","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2017.04.021","article-title":"CHO cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity analyses of disinfection by-products: an updated review","volume":"58","author":"Wagner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. (China)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c03292","article-title":"Comparative toxicity analyses from different endpoints: are new cyclic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) more toxic than common aliphatic DBPs?","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2022.2043101","article-title":"Disinfection by-products as environmental contaminants of emerging concern: a review on their occurrence, fate and removal in the urban water cycle","volume":"53","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2024.117545","article-title":"Advances in toxicity assessment of drinking water disinfection byproducts","volume":"172","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c10643","article-title":"High molecular-weight organics as precursors for toxic iodinated disinfection byproducts during chloramination","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3570","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.3c00317","article-title":"Unraveling the Evolution of Organohalogens and their Associated Toxicity changes in the Chlorination of Preozonated Reclaimed Water Containing Bromide","volume":"3","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS EST Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1021\/es4034765","article-title":"Formation of brominated disinfection byproducts during chloramination of drinking water: new polar species and overall kinetics","volume":"48","author":"Zhai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4033","DOI":"10.1021\/es025598k","article-title":"Characterization of high molecular weight disinfection byproducts resulting from chlorination of aquatic humic substances","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1021\/es0490727","article-title":"Characterization of high molecular weight disinfection byproducts from chlorination of humic substances with\/without coagulation pretreatment using UF-SEC-ESI-MS\/MS","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115283","article-title":"Comparative cytotoxicity of halogenated aromatic DBPs and implications of the corresponding developed QSAR model to toxicity mechanisms of those DBPs: binding interactions between aromatic DBPs and catalase play an important role","volume":"170","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412026004794?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412026004794?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T23:43:02Z","timestamp":1792712582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412026004794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0160412026004794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Toxicity of 0.5\u00a0\u2212\u00a05 kDa disinfection byproducts: a total organic halogen-based normalization reveals overlooked risks in disinfected waters","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110521","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110521"}}