{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:29:15Z","timestamp":1790810955406,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"national surveillance program in Iran"},{"name":"Ram\u00f3n y Cajal fellowship","award":["RYC-2012-10995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC-2012-10995"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Enterprise"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]],"date-time":"2018-09-20T06:03:14Z","timestamp":1537423394000},"page":"1134-1140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Use of green spaces and blood glucose in children; a population-based CASPIAN-V study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"243","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2325-1027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Payam","family":"Dadvand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parinaz","family":"Poursafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Heshmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Esmaeil","family":"Motlagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Qorbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8457-1489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Basaga\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roya","family":"Kelishadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32130-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"Abajobir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32152-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"Abajobir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408215","article-title":"Green and blue spaces and behavioral development in barcelona schoolchildren: the BREATHE project","volume":"122","author":"Amoly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2017.06.024","article-title":"The association of parental obesity with physical activity and sedentary behaviors of their children: the CASPIAN-V study","volume":"94","author":"Angoorani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1325","article-title":"Is neighborhood green space associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes? Evidence from 267,072 australians","volume":"37","author":"Astell-Burt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-203767","article-title":"The association between green space and mental health varies across the lifecourse. A longitudinal study","volume":"68","author":"Astell-Burt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.1021\/es903183r","article-title":"What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health? A multi-study analysis","volume":"44","author":"Barton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006076","article-title":"The association between neighbourhood greenspace and type 2 diabetes in a large cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Bodicoat","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckp213","article-title":"Environmental inequalities among children in Europe--evaluation of scientific evidence and policy implications","volume":"20","author":"Bolte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2016.05.002","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and type 1 diabetes: past, present, and future","volume":"40","author":"Butalia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3109\/17477160903111763","article-title":"Tracking of cardiometabolic risk factor clustering from childhood to adulthood","volume":"5","author":"Camhi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/01426397.2016.1208813","article-title":"Greenspace matters: exploring links between greenspace, gender and well-being with conservation volunteers","volume":"41","author":"Currie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.07.004","article-title":"Green space, health inequality and pregnancy","volume":"40","author":"Dadvand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104609","article-title":"Surrounding greenness and exposure to air pollution during pregnancy: an analysis of personal monitoring data","volume":"120","author":"Dadvand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7937","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503402112","article-title":"Green spaces and cognitive development in primary schoolchildren","volume":"112","author":"Dadvand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.03.103","article-title":"The association between greenness and traffic-related air pollution at schools","volume":"523","author":"Dadvand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205244","article-title":"Surrounding greenness and pregnancy outcomes in four Spanish birth cohorts","volume":"120","author":"Dadvand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1308038","article-title":"Risks and benefits of green spaces for children: a cross-sectional study of associations with sedentary behavior, obesity, asthma, and allergy","volume":"122","author":"Dadvand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.06.010","article-title":"Inequality, green spaces, and pregnant women: roles of ethnicity and individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic status","volume":"71","author":"Dadvand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3833-z","article-title":"Residential neighbourhood greenspace is associated with reduced risk of incident diabetes in older people: a prospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Dalton","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1068\/a35111","article-title":"Natural environments-healthy environments? An exploratory analysis of the relationship between greenspace and health","volume":"35","author":"De Vries","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Plann."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.149571","article-title":"Long-term noise exposure and the risk for type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Dzhambov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.134916","article-title":"Urban green spaces' effectiveness as a psychological buffer for the negative health impact of noise pollution: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Dzhambov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.2015013255","article-title":"The link between psychological stress and autoimmune response in children","volume":"35","author":"Faresjo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156401","article-title":"Physical activity, blood glucose and C-peptide in healthy school-children, a longitudinal study","volume":"11","author":"Huus","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000116","article-title":"The application of electronic computers to factor analysis","volume":"20","author":"Kaiser","year":"1960","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib27","first-page":"699","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a questionnaire for assessment of determinants of weight disorders among children and adolescents: the caspian-IV study","volume":"3","author":"Kelishadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib28","first-page":"54","article-title":"A\u00a0review on the genetic, environmental, and lifestyle aspects of the early-life origins of cardiovascular disease","volume":"44","author":"Kelishadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib29","series-title":"Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics","author":"Kliegman","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib30","series-title":"Vitamin G: Green Environments-Healthy Environments","author":"Maas","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.079038","article-title":"Morbidity is related to a green living environment","volume":"63","author":"Maas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.043125","article-title":"Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation?","volume":"60","author":"Maas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.06.002","article-title":"Access to urban green spaces and behavioural problems in children: Results from the GINIplus and LISAplus studies","volume":"71","author":"Markevych","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.10.020","article-title":"Effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise training on insulin resistance markers in overweight or obese children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Marson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2017.08.027","article-title":"Does access to green space impact the mental well-being of children: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"McCormick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-014-0093-0","article-title":"Combining GPS, GIS, and accelerometry to explore the physical activity and environment relationship in children and young people - a review","volume":"11","author":"McCrorie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Activ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-205954","article-title":"The association between green space and depressive symptoms in pregnant women: moderating roles of socioeconomic status and physical activity","volume":"70","author":"McEachan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.053553","article-title":"Greenspace, urbanity and health: relationships in England","volume":"61","author":"Mitchell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61689-X","article-title":"Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study","volume":"372","author":"Mitchell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.198915","article-title":"Methodology and early findings of the fifth survey of childhood and adolescence surveillance and prevention of adult noncommunicable disease: the CASPIAN-V study","volume":"8","author":"Motlagh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000549","article-title":"Fifty shades of green: pathway to healthy urban living","volume":"28","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601519","article-title":"The influence of the microbiome on type 1 diabetes","volume":"198","author":"Paun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu250","article-title":"Air pollution as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes","volume":"143","author":"Rao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.04.015","article-title":"Gender differences in relationships between urban green space and health in the United Kingdom","volume":"71","author":"Richardson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.07.038","article-title":"The role of public and private natural space in children's social, emotional and behavioural development in Scotland: a longitudinal study","volume":"158","author":"Richardson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18360","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313731110","article-title":"Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: an ecosystem service essential to health","volume":"110","author":"Rook","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib47","article-title":"Hygiene and other early childhood influences on the subsequent function of the immune system","author":"Rook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1068\/a34159","article-title":"A\u00a0microlevel analysis of residential context and travel time","volume":"34","author":"Schwanen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Plann."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.01.002","article-title":"Does exposure to air pollution in urban parks have socioeconomic, racial or ethnic gradients?","volume":"111","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-20","article-title":"Accessibility and use of urban green spaces, and cardiovascular health: findings from a Kaunas cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Tamosiunas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1509967","article-title":"Associations of residential long-term air pollution exposures and satellite-derived greenness with insulin resistance in German adolescents","volume":"124","author":"Thiering","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.01.012","article-title":"Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: relationships and mechanisms","volume":"77","author":"Triguero-Mas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib53","series-title":"World Urbanization Prospects","author":"UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2016.01.003","article-title":"Visiting green space is associated with mental health and vitality: a cross-sectional study in four european cities","volume":"38","author":"van den Berg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094_bib55","series-title":"Definition and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Intermediate Hyperglycaemia: Report of a WHO\/IDF Consultation","author":"WHO","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749118320992?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749118320992?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T20:50:44Z","timestamp":1759438244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749118320992"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0269749118320992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Use of green spaces and blood glucose in children; a population-based CASPIAN-V study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.094","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}