{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:42:40Z","timestamp":1790224960367,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,10]],"date-time":"2020-05-10T23:30:27Z","timestamp":1589153427000},"page":"114766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface water and drinking water: Animal sources and towards the use of a machine-learning approach as a tool for predicting contamination"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Panagiota","family":"Ligda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Claerebout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Despoina","family":"Kostopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Zdragas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stijn","family":"Casaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy J.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smaragda","family":"Sotiraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib1","first-page":"25","article-title":"PCR and real time PCR for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst DNA","volume":"59","author":"Adamska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Folia Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2010174299","article-title":"Comparison of efficiency of various DNA extraction methods from cysts of Giardia intestinalis measured by PCR and TaqMan real time PCR","volume":"17","author":"Adamska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2012.721167","article-title":"Occurrence of Cryptosporidium in a wastewater treatment plant in North Germany","volume":"75","author":"Ajonina","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A Curr. Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2013.785208","article-title":"The detection of Giardia cysts in a large-scale wastewater treatment plant in Hamburg, Germany","volume":"76","author":"Ajonina","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A Curr. Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2017.07.005","article-title":"Effect of colostrum quantity and quality on neonatal calf diarrhoea due to Cryptosporidium spp. infection","volume":"53","author":"Arsenopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029508","article-title":"A\u00a0tutorial on count regression and zero-altered count models for longitudinal addictions data","volume":"27","author":"Atkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.10.013","article-title":"Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2004-2010","volume":"45","author":"Baldursson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115392","article-title":"Improving the identification of the source of faecal pollution in water using a modelling approach: from multi-source to aged and diluted samples","volume":"171","author":"Ballest\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(03)00435-4","article-title":"Synergistic inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum using ozone followed by free chlorine in natural water","volume":"37","author":"Biswas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1204.050796","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis associated with ozonated apple cider","volume":"12","author":"Blackburn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-005-2282-4","article-title":"An Italian study on Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater, fresh water and treated water","volume":"104","author":"Briancesco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2003.11.006","article-title":"Fate and transport of pathogens in lakes and reservoirs","volume":"30","author":"Brookes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/es050821+","article-title":"Relative value of surrogate indicators for detecting pathogens in lakes and reservoirs","volume":"39","author":"Brookes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib14","series-title":"Handbook of Applied Multivariate Statistics and Mathematical Modeling","first-page":"209","article-title":"Discriminant analysis","author":"Brown","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.11.3488-3493.1992","article-title":"Viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: correlation of in\u00a0vitro excystation with inclusion or exclusion of fluorogenic vital dyes","volume":"58","author":"Campbell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.6.3393-3398.2003","article-title":"Giardia cysts in wastewater treatment plants in Italy","volume":"69","author":"Cacci\u00f2","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.03193.x","article-title":"Presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking water supplies in northern Spain","volume":"102","author":"Carmena","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.02.006","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms of cryptosporidium and Giardia","volume":"33","author":"Certad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.4415\/ANN_12_04_10","article-title":"Waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis","volume":"48","author":"Chalmers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super Sanita"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.06.020","article-title":"Comparing the partitioning behavior of Giardia and Cryptosporidium with that of indicator organisms in stormwater runoff","volume":"42","author":"Cizek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.5.2842-2847.2003","article-title":"Recovery and enumeration of Cryptosporidium parvum from animal fecal matrices","volume":"69","author":"Davies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815001831","article-title":"Communitywide cryptosporidiosis outbreak associated with a surface water-supplied municipal water system \u2013 Baker City, Oregon, 2013","volume":"144","author":"DeSilva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503303321304","article-title":"The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers","volume":"332","author":"DuPont","year":"1995","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.10.019","article-title":"Microbial source tracking using host specific FAME profiles of fecal coliforms","volume":"40","author":"Duran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.10.006","article-title":"Factors related to occurrence and distribution of selected bacterial and protozoan pathogens in Pennsylvania streams","volume":"47","author":"Duris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2012.07.004","article-title":"Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and relation to indicator and pathogenic microorganisms of Salmonella enterica isolated from surface waters within an agricultural landscape","volume":"216","author":"Economou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.01.036","article-title":"Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2011\u20132016","volume":"114","author":"Efstratiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2015.268","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recreational water in Belgium","volume":"13","author":"Ehsan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-4157-z","article-title":"Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different water catchments in Belgium","volume":"187","author":"Ehsan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib30","series-title":"Sustainability Appraisal: Quantitative Methods and Mathematical Techniques for Environmental Performance Evaluation","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib31","series-title":"Thessaloniki Water Supply & Sewerage Co S.A.","author":"EYATH","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.004","article-title":"Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite","volume":"126","author":"Fayer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x","article-title":"The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problem","volume":"7","author":"Fisher","year":"1936","journal-title":"Ann. Eugen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2010.09.019","article-title":"On estimation and influence diagnostics for zero-inflated negative binomial regression models","volume":"55","author":"Garay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.07.016","article-title":"Mixed Giardia duodenalis assemblage A and E infections in calves","volume":"38","author":"Geurden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib36","first-page":"4","article-title":"Epidemiological observations on cryptosporidiosis in diarrheic goat kids in Greece","author":"Giadinis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int. 2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1998.0503","article-title":"Combined sewer overflows: a source of Cryptosporidium and Giardia?","volume":"38","author":"Gibson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78057-0","article-title":"Outbreak of giardiasis among English tourists in Crete","volume":"351","author":"Hadjichristodoulou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00011196","article-title":"A\u00a0survey on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs in the area of Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"62","author":"Haralabidis","year":"1988","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib40","first-page":"964","article-title":"Unwanted holiday souvenirs: who should pay?","volume":"350","author":"Hardie","year":"1997","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0501.990123","article-title":"Infectious diarrhea in tourists staying in a resort hotel","volume":"5","author":"Hardie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib42","first-page":"216","article-title":"Identification of Giardia lamblia and the human infectious-species of Cryptosporidium in drinking water resources in Western Saudi Arabia by nested-PCR assays","volume":"32","author":"Hawash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-010-1726-7","article-title":"Two-year monitoring of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia occurrence in a recreational and drinking water reservoir using standard microscopic and molecular biology techniques","volume":"179","author":"Helmi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib44","series-title":"Negative Binomial Regression","author":"Hilbe","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.1.47-54.1996","article-title":"Longitudinal studies of Giardia contamination in two community drinking water supplies: cyst levels, parasite viability, and health impact","volume":"62","author":"Isaac-Renton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib47","series-title":"ISO 6461-2: Water Quality - Detection and Enumeration of the Spores of Sulphite-Reducing Anaerobes (Clostridia) - Part 2: Method by Membrane Filtration and Conform WAC\/V\/A\/007","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib48","series-title":"ISO 7899-1: Water Quality \u2013 Detection and Enumeration of Intestinal Enterecocci \u2013 Part 1: Miniaturized Method (Most Probable Number) for Surface and Waste Water","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib49","series-title":"ISO 6222: Water Quality - Enumeration of Culturable Micro-organisms - Colony Count by Inoculation in a Nutrient Agar Culture Medium and Conform WAC\/V\/A\/001","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib50","series-title":"ISO 15553: Water Quality - Isolation and Identification of Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts from Water","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib51","series-title":"ISO 9308-2: Water Quality \u2013 Enumeration of Escherichia coli and Coliform Bacteria \u2013 Part 2: Most Probable Number Method and Conform WAC\/V\/A\/002","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3934\/mfc.2019006","article-title":"A\u00a0classification algorithm with linear discriminant analysis and axiomatic fuzzy sets","volume":"2","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Math. Found. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/aheh.200400581","article-title":"A\u00a0preliminary survey of the level of microbiological pollution of major rivers in Northern Greece","volume":"33","author":"Karanis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.002","article-title":"Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt","volume":"5","author":"Karanis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-401X(200207)30:1<49::AID-AHEH49>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in natural, drinking, and recreational water of northwestern Greece","volume":"30","author":"Karanis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.05.005","article-title":"Occurrence of Giardia and cryptosporidium in water supplies of Russia and Bulgaria","volume":"102","author":"Karanis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.02.028","article-title":"Influence of land use and watershed characteristics on protozoa contamination in a potential drinking water resources reservoir","volume":"42","author":"Keeley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib58","first-page":"1","article-title":"World health organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, Protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: a data synthesis","volume":"12","author":"Kirk","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.5.2188-2197.2002","article-title":"Microbial load of drinking water reservoir tributaries during extreme rainfall and runoff","volume":"68","author":"Kistemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.12.008","article-title":"Effect of sewage treatment plants and diffuse pollution on the occurrence of protozoal parasites in the course of a small river","volume":"215","author":"Kistemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.56.5.1423-1428.1990","article-title":"Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability","volume":"56","author":"Korich","year":"1990","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.04.018","article-title":"The occurrence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in foals in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany and Greece","volume":"211","author":"Kostopoulou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107864","article-title":"Identifying human enteric parasitic infections in Greece, with focus on Giardia and Cryptosporidium","volume":"211","author":"Kostopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-1989-8","article-title":"Abundance, zoonotic potential and risk factors of intestinal parasitism amongst dog and cat populations: the scenario of Crete, Greece","volume":"10","author":"Kostopoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.022","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity at the \u03b2-giardin locus among human and animal isolates of Giardia duodenalis and identification of potentially zoonotic subgenotypes","volume":"35","author":"Lalle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.11.003","article-title":"From mouse to moose: multilocus genotyping of Giardia isolates from various animal species","volume":"168","author":"Lebbad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.07.042","article-title":"Quantification of pathogenic microorganisms and microbial indicators in three wastewater reclamation and managed aquifer recharge facilities in Europe","volume":"408","author":"Levantesi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.013","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of Giardia duodenalis in captive non-human primates reveals mixed assemblage A and B infections and novel polymorphisms","volume":"39","author":"Levecke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.11.027","article-title":"Mixed Giardia duodenalis assemblage A, B, C and E infections in pet chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) in Flanders (Belgium)","volume":"177","author":"Levecke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107848","article-title":"Investigations from Northern Greece on mussels cultivated in areas proximal to wastewater discharges, as a potential source for human infection with Giardia and Cryptosporidium","volume":"210","author":"Ligda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2001.0844","article-title":"Acute diarrhoea in children treated in an outpatient setting in Athens, Greece","volume":"43","author":"Maltezou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2018.323","article-title":"Weather, environmental conditions, and waterborne Giardia and cryptosporidium in Iqaluit, Nunavut","volume":"17","author":"Masina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/15324982.2018.1531441","article-title":"Infiltration-excess runoff properties of dryland floodplain soil types under simulated rainfall conditions","volume":"33","author":"Mavimbela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arid Land Res. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14607","article-title":"Waterborne disease outbreaks associated with environmental and undetermined exposures to water \u2014 United States, 2013-2014","volume":"18","author":"McClung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.0028","article-title":"Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in US wastewaters","volume":"4","author":"McCuin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.1.267-274.2003","article-title":"Modifications to United States environmental protection agency methods 1622 and 1623 for detection of cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in water","volume":"69","author":"McCuin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib77","series-title":"Multivariate Statistics for Wildlife and Ecology Research","author":"McGarigal","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib78","series-title":"Discriminant Analysis and Statistical Pattern Recognition","first-page":"5012","author":"McLachlan","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00164-8","article-title":"Molecular and phylogenetic characterisation of Cryptosporidium from birds","volume":"31","author":"Morgan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/002224376900600203","article-title":"On the of interpretation of discriminant analysis","volume":"6","author":"Morrison","year":"1969","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mar. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/294540","article-title":"Temporal aspects of surface water quality variation using robust statistical tools","author":"Mustapha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280206071840","article-title":"The zero-inflated negative binomial regression model with correction for misclassification: an example in caries research","volume":"17","author":"Mwalili","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881400106X","article-title":"Investigation of a swimming pool-associated cryptosporidiosis outbreak in the Kimberley region of Western Australia","volume":"143","author":"Ng-Hublin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1086\/315033","article-title":"Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthy adults","volume":"180","author":"Okhuysen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib85","first-page":"690","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia \u2013 levels and distribution in surface water throughout Europe","volume":"2","author":"Ongerth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.03.006","article-title":"Towards estimated of future rainfall erosivity in Europe based on REDES and WorldClim datashets","volume":"548","author":"Panagos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.06.007","article-title":"Microbiological quality of indoor and outdoor swimming pools in Greece: Investigation of the antibiotic resistance of the bacterial isolates","volume":"211","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2018.04.007","article-title":"Genotypes and subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in diarrheic lambs and goat kids in northern Greece","volume":"67","author":"Papanikolopoulou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.05.013","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites of shepherd and hunting dogs in the Serres Prefecture, Northern Greece","volume":"148","author":"Papazahariadou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.55.6.1519-1522.1989","article-title":"Effect of disinfection of drinking water with ozone or chlorine dioxide on survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts","volume":"55","author":"Peeters","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib91","first-page":"28S","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of Cryptosporidium subgenotypes from several geographic regions","volume":"Suppl","author":"Peng","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16112055","article-title":"Cryptosporidium oocyst contamination in drinking water: a case study in Italy","volume":"16","author":"Pignata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12127","article-title":"Hemolytic uremic syndrome related to cryptosporidium infection in an immunocompetent child","volume":"55","author":"Printza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.12.055","article-title":"Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in raw and finished drinking water in north-eastern Spain","volume":"580","author":"Ramo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib95","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2004.02.001","article-title":"Discrimination of all genotypes of Giardia duodenalis at the glutamate dehydrogenase locus using PCR-RFLP","volume":"4","author":"Read","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a119634","article-title":"The experimental transmission of human intestinal protozoan parasites II. Giardia lambia cysts given in capsules","volume":"59","author":"Rendtorff","year":"1954","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3494","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.11.3494-3500.1992","article-title":"Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts under various environmental pressures","volume":"58","author":"Robertson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2009.014","article-title":"A\u00a0water contamination incident in Oslo, Norway during October 2007; a basis for discussion of boil-water notices and the potential for post-treatment contamination of drinking water supplies","volume":"7","author":"Robertson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-006-9005-4","article-title":"Fate of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in the Norwegian aquatic environment over winter","volume":"52","author":"Robertson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5297","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00464-06","article-title":"Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in sewage in Norway","volume":"72","author":"Robertson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001085","article-title":"Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs","volume":"141","author":"Ryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.7.4302-4307.2003","article-title":"Identification of novel cryptosporidium genotypes from the Czech republic","volume":"69","author":"Ryan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01609-07","article-title":"Monitoring of waterborne pathogens in surface waters in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and the potential health risk associated with exposure to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in these waters","volume":"74","author":"Schets","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05384.x","article-title":"PCR inhibitors \u2013 occurrence, properties and removal","volume":"113","author":"Schrader","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2807\/esm.12.05.00711-en","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis surveillance and water-borne outbreaks in Europe","volume":"12","author":"Semenza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.22214\/ijraset.2018.5012","article-title":"Object classification with classical linear discriminant analysis and robust linear discriminant analysis","volume":"6","author":"Simarmata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00128-4","article-title":"Emerging parasite zoonoses associated with water and food","volume":"30","author":"Slifko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4366-6","article-title":"Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recycled waters used for irrigation and first description of Cryptosporidium parvum and C.\u00a0muris in Greece","volume":"114","author":"Spanakos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e558","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000558","article-title":"Identification of zoonotic genotypes of Giardia duodenalis","volume":"3","author":"Sprong","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0911.030084","article-title":"Triosephosphate isomerase gene characterization and potential zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis","volume":"9","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00541-06","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive detection of single Cryptosporidium oocysts from archived glass slides","volume":"44","author":"Sunnotel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.10.019","article-title":"Regression models to assess the risk factors of canine gastrointestinal parasitism","volume":"248","author":"Symeonidou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2812-x","article-title":"Feline gastrointestinal parasitism in Greece: emergent zoonotic species and associated risk factors","volume":"11","author":"Symeonidou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.10.068","article-title":"Temporal variability of parasites, bacterial indicators, and wastewater micropollutants in a water resource recovery facility under various weather conditions","volume":"148","author":"Tolouei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.02.011","article-title":"Molecular characterization of potentially zoonotic isolates of Giardia duodenalis in horses","volume":"130","author":"Traub","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014048","article-title":"Occurrence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep and goats reared under dairy husbandry systems in Greece","volume":"21","author":"Tzanidakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib118","series-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Water by Filtration\/IMS\/FA. Protocol, EPA 816-R-12-001, Office of Water","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2012.131","article-title":"Identifying host sources, human health risk and indicators of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in a Canadian watershed influenced by urban and rural activities","volume":"10","author":"Van Dyke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib120","first-page":"4","article-title":"Logistic regression model effectiveness: proportional chance criteria and proportional reduction in error","volume":"2","author":"White","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Contemp. Water Res. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib121","series-title":"Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Fourth Edition Incorporating the First Addendum","author":"WHO","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.01.033","article-title":"Seasonal relationships among indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and hydrological indices for surface waters within an agricultural landscape","volume":"43","author":"Wilkes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.06.021","article-title":"Associations among pathogenic bacteria, parasites, and environmental and land use factors in multiple mixed-use watersheds","volume":"45","author":"Wilkes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(98)00036-9","article-title":"Cysticidal effect of chlorine dioxide on Giardia intestinalis cysts","volume":"70","author":"Winiecka-Krusnell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.03.018","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update","volume":"124","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib126","first-page":"1","article-title":"Presence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recreational lake water in Tianjin, China: a preliminary study","volume":"8","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2014.079","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of extreme weather events and other weather-related variables on Cryptosporidium and Giardia in fresh surface waters","volume":"13","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766_bib128","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influence of rainfall intensity and slope on suspended solids and phosphorus losses in runoff","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S026974912030676X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S026974912030676X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T21:35:12Z","timestamp":1759440912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S026974912030676X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":127,"alternative-id":["S026974912030676X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface water and drinking water: Animal sources and towards the use of a machine-learning approach as a tool for predicting contamination","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114766","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114766"}}