{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T17:09:42Z","timestamp":1791479382953,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]],"date-time":"2020-08-21T17:29:29Z","timestamp":1598030969000},"page":"115471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Machine learning reveals that prolonged exposure to air pollution is associated with SARS-CoV-2 mortality and infectivity in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"267","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Cazzolla Gatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena","family":"Velichevskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Amoroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Monaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-020-00845-3","article-title":"Valuation of air pollution externalities: comparative assessment of economic damage and emission reduction under COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"13","author":"Bherwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1039\/C1EM10728C","article-title":"Analysis of the air pollution climate at a background site in the Po valley","volume":"14","author":"Bigi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.729","article-title":"Adverse health effects from ambient air pollution in relation to residential wood combustion in modern society","volume":"29","author":"Boman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018054314350","article-title":"Bagging predictors","volume":"24","author":"Breiman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib9","first-page":"194","article-title":"Urban air pollution and respiratory infections","volume":"15","author":"Brugha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.016","article-title":"PM10 exposure is associated with increased hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis among infants in Lombardy, Italy","volume":"166","author":"Carugno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2020.109075","article-title":"Coronavirus outbreak is a symptom of Gaia\u2019s sickness","volume":"426","author":"Cazzolla Gatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldg022","article-title":"Air pollution and infection in respiratory illness","volume":"68","author":"Chauhan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"issue":"6489","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba9757","article-title":"The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak","volume":"368","author":"Chinazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0289.2011.00643.x","article-title":"Through the magnifying glass: provincial aspects of industrial growth in post-Unification Italy 1","volume":"66","author":"Ciccarelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Econ. Hist. Rev."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701665434","article-title":"Air pollution and respiratory viral infection","volume":"19","author":"Ciencewicki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib16","article-title":"Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy?","volume":"114465","author":"Conticini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib17","volume":"vol. 6","author":"Curtin","year":"1995"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114466","article-title":"COVID-19 as a factor influencing air pollution?","volume":"263","author":"Dutheil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114732","article-title":"Role of the chronic air pollution levels in the Covid-19 outbreak risk in Italy","author":"Fattorini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-020-00842-6","article-title":"COVID \u2013 19: air pollution remains low as people stay at home","author":"Gautam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"issue":"10054","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31597-5","article-title":"Impact of air pollution on the burden of chronic respiratory diseases in China: time for urgent action","volume":"388","author":"Guan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib25","series-title":"Air Pollution and Health","article-title":"Sources of air pollution","author":"Holman","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib26","series-title":"\u201cRelations between Two Sets of Variates\u201d in Breakthroughs in Statistics","author":"Hotelling","year":"1992"},{"issue":"10223","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib28","series-title":"Rapporto Rifiuti Urbani - Edizione 2017","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib30","series-title":"Annuario Statistico del Servizio Sanitario Nazionale 2017","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-102","article-title":"PM2.5 in Beijing temporal pattern and its association with influenza","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4344","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy","volume":"323","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138820","article-title":"Covid \u2013 19 pandemic and environmental pollution: a blessing in disguise?","volume":"728","author":"Muhammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib34","first-page":"10","article-title":"Easy way to learn standardization: direct and indirect methods","volume":"7","author":"Naing","year":"2000","journal-title":"MJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.06.014","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, weather conditions and air pollution in an Italian urban area: an observational study","volume":"158","author":"Nenna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib36","series-title":"Assessing Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Levels as a Contributing Factor to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Fatality Rate","author":"Ogen","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib37","first-page":"4683","article-title":"Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy","author":"Onder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib38","series-title":"A\u00a0Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib39","first-page":"22","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity among people living close to incinerators: a cohort study based on dispersion modeling for exposure assessment","volume":"10","author":"Ranzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701533541","article-title":"Traffic, air pollution, and health","volume":"19","author":"Samet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdv043","article-title":"Airports, air pollution, and contemporaneous health","volume":"83","author":"Schlenker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08317-y","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spread in Northern Italy: what about the pollution role?","volume":"192","author":"Sciomer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib43","series-title":"Machine Learning Benchmarks and Random Forest Regression","author":"Segal","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.05.003","article-title":"Winter air pollution and infant bronchiolitis in Paris","volume":"106","author":"S\u00e9gala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138878","article-title":"Effect of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India","volume":"728","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.125","article-title":"A\u00a0comprehensive emission inventory of multiple air pollutants from iron and steel industry in China: temporal trends and spatial variation characteristics","volume":"559","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"10223","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","article-title":"A\u00a0novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/15.2.188","article-title":"Birthweight and perinatal mortality: III. Towards a new method of analysis","volume":"15","author":"Wilcox","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib49","first-page":"283","article-title":"Part 4. Interaction between air pollution and respiratory viruses: time-series study of daily mortality and hospital admissions in Hong Kong","volume":"154","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib50","series-title":"Exposure to Air Pollution and COVID-19 Mortality in the United States. medRxiv","author":"Wu","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib51","first-page":"E69","article-title":"The impact of PM2.5 on the human respiratory system","volume":"8","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.488","article-title":"Contribution of transregional transport to particle pollution and health effects in Shanghai during 2013\u20132017","volume":"677","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137617","article-title":"Significant impact of coal combustion on VOCs emissions in winter in a North China rural site","volume":"720","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.07.240","article-title":"Mitigating ammonia emission from agriculture reduces PM2. 5 pollution in the Hai River Basin in China","volume":"609","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749120361595?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749120361595?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T21:38:33Z","timestamp":1759441113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749120361595"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0269749120361595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Machine learning reveals that prolonged exposure to air pollution is associated with SARS-CoV-2 mortality and infectivity in Italy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115471","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115471"}}