{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:20:15Z","timestamp":1791570015068,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012401","name":"Beijing Science and Technology Planning Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012401","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010097","name":"China Association for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T02:42:02Z","timestamp":1612752122000},"page":"116682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and long-term exposure to air pollution: Evidence from the first epidemic wave in China"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Pai","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhangjian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chieh-Hsi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz U.G.","family":"Kraemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaiyu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils Chr.","family":"Stenseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.1.9001300","article-title":"Lung function and long term exposure to air pollutants in Switzerland. Study on air pollution and lung diseases in adults (SAPALDIA) team","volume":"155","author":"Ackermann-Liebrich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00130014","article-title":"Adult lung function and long-term air pollution exposure. ESCAPE: a multicentre cohort study and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Adam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib3","first-page":"9221","article-title":"Incidence of COVID-19 and connections with air pollution exposure: evidence from The Netherlands","author":"Andree","year":"2020","journal-title":"Policy Research Working Paper"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib4","series-title":"Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and transmission in a skilled nursing facility","author":"Arons","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib5","series-title":"Assay Techniques and Test Development for COVID-19 Diagnosis","author":"Carter","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30107-8","article-title":"Air pollution reduction and mortality benefit during the COVID-19 outbreak in China","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2711","article-title":"Associations between coarse particulate matter air pollution and cause-specific mortality: a nationwide analysis in 272 Chinese cities","volume":"127","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib9","first-page":"1135","article-title":"Air pollution and respiratory viral infection","volume":"19","author":"Ciencewicki","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114465","article-title":"Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy?","volume":"261","author":"Conticini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib13","series-title":"The role of air pollution (PM and NO2) in COVID-19 spread and lethality: a systematic review","first-page":"110129","author":"Copat","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-2-15","article-title":"Air pollution and case fatality of SARS in the People\u2019s Republic of China: an ecologic study","volume":"2","author":"Cui","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802140","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02140-2018","article-title":"Air pollution, lung function and COPD: results from the population-based UK Biobank study","volume":"54","author":"Doiron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114732","article-title":"Role of the chronic air pollution levels in the Covid-19 outbreak risk in Italy","volume":"264","author":"Fattorini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.109389","article-title":"Chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution and lung function in adults","volume":"64","author":"Forbes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.031","article-title":"Severe air pollution links to higher mortality in COVID-19 patients: the \u201cdouble-hit\u201d hypothesis","volume":"81","author":"Frontera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318181650f","article-title":"Long-term effects of ambient air pollution on lung function: a review","volume":"19","author":"G\u00f6tschi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib20","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of predictive symptoms and comorbidities for severe COVID-19 infection","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib21","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact of air pollution on the incidence and mortality of COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Karan","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib22","article-title":"Long-term exposure to air-pollution and COVID-19 mortality in England: a hierarchical spatial analysis","author":"Konstantinoudis","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"6504","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib23","first-page":"702","article-title":"Unexpected air pollution with marked emission reductions during the COVID-19 outbreak in China","volume":"369","author":"Le","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7569","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib24","first-page":"367","article-title":"The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale","volume":"525","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib25","series-title":"Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1817364","article-title":"Ambient particulate air pollution and daily mortality in 652 cities","volume":"381","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib27","first-page":"115835","article-title":"The relationship between air pollution and COVID-19-related deaths: an application to three French cities","volume":"279","author":"Magazzino","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138605","article-title":"Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality","volume":"726","author":"Ogen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib29","series-title":"Air pollution by NO 2 and PM 2.5 explains COVID-19 infection severity by overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in respiratory cells: a review","first-page":"1","author":"Paital","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3730","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c01102","article-title":"An imperative need for research on the role of environmental factors in transmission of novel coronavirus (COVID-19)","volume":"54","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"10226","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30421-9","article-title":"COVID-19 control in China during mass population movements at New Year","volume":"395","author":"Simiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(86)80180-3","article-title":"Subacute effects of nitrogen dioxide on membrane constituents of lung, liver, and kidney of rats","volume":"41","author":"Takahashi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"6491","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb6105","article-title":"An investigation of transmission control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China","volume":"368","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib34","series-title":"Links between Air Pollution and COVID-19 in England","author":"Travaglio","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115859","article-title":"Links between air pollution and COVID-19 in England","volume":"268","author":"Travaglio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-203159","article-title":"Associations of children\u2019s lung function with ambient air pollution: joint effects of regional and near-roadway pollutants","volume":"69","author":"Urman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib37","article-title":"Methodological considerations for epidemiological studies of air pollution and the sars and COVID-19 coronavirus outbreaks","volume":"128","author":"Villeneuve","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2018.04.004","article-title":"Biological effects of airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure on pulmonary immune system","volume":"60","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib39","article-title":"Air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: strengths and limitations of an ecological regression analysis","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2020"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.788166","article-title":"Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002","volume":"118","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054583","article-title":"Provincial-level cancer burden attributable to active and second-hand smoking in China","volume":"28","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tobac. Contr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140396","article-title":"Association of particulate matter pollution and case fatality rate of COVID-19 in 49 Chinese cities","volume":"741","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib43","first-page":"138704","article-title":"Association between short-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 infection: evidence from China","author":"Yongjian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4434","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-2363","article-title":"The public health response to the COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Zanin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138704","article-title":"Association between short-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 infection: evidence from China","volume":"727","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749121002608?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749121002608?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T21:58:28Z","timestamp":1759442308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749121002608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0269749121002608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.04.21.20073700","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and long-term exposure to air pollution: Evidence from the first epidemic wave in China","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116682","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116682"}}