{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T06:36:31Z","timestamp":1785911791441,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Government of Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T23:19:12Z","timestamp":1656285552000},"page":"119674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Adverse environmental effects of disposable face masks due to the excess usage"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"308","author":[{"given":"Alice Sim","family":"Hui Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palanivel","family":"Sathishkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8611-7223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Luqman","family":"Selahuddeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8543-274X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan M.","family":"Asyraf Wan Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Hamdi","family":"Zainal Abidin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roswanira Abdul","family":"Wahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Afiq","family":"Mohamed Huri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9545-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faizuan","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib1","first-page":"34","article-title":"New normal and new trash","author":"Abdullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"UTMNexus Res. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-09204-w","article-title":"Heavy metal and metalloid accumulation in wild brown trout (Salmo trutta L., 1758 complex, Osteichthyes: Salmonidae) from a mountain stream in Sardinia by ICP-OES","author":"Alberto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib39","author":"AOAC","year":"2012","journal-title":"Official methods of analysis of AOAC International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111517","article-title":"Surgical face masks as a potential source for microplastic pollution in the COVID-19 scenario","volume":"159","author":"Aragaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/40.7.1233","article-title":"Limit of detection (LOD)\/limit of quantitation (LOQ): comparison of the empirical and the statistical methods exemplified with GC-MS assays of abused drugs","volume":"40","author":"Armbruster","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib4","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Association","year":"1912"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib5","series-title":"Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy Part I Methodology, Instrumentation, and Performance","first-page":"100","article-title":"Basic concepts and characteristics of ICP-AES","author":"Boumans","year":"1987"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2015.0073","article-title":"Lead release to drinking water form galvanized steel pipe coatings","volume":"32","author":"Brandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib40","series-title":"National Water Quality Standards for Malasyia","author":"Department of Environment","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib7","article-title":"Overview and analysis of the meltblown process and parameters","volume":"6","author":"Dutton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Textil. Appar. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enceco.2020.10.003","article-title":"Modified oil palm industry solid waste as a potential adsorbent for lead removal","volume":"3","author":"Elias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.09.116","article-title":"Concentrations and health risks of lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury in rice and edible mushrooms in China","volume":"147","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.07.049","article-title":"A sensitive, selective and rapid determination of lead(II) ions in real-life samples using an electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-graphite reinforced carbon electrode","volume":"144","author":"Hamsawahini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib12","article-title":"Face masks: protecting the wearer but neglecting the aquatic environment? - a perspective from Bangladesh","volume":"4","author":"Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260352","article-title":"Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean","volume":"347","author":"Jambeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib14","article-title":"Covid-19: should the public wear face masks?","volume":"369","author":"Javid","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125938","article-title":"COVID-19 discarded disposable gloves as a source and a vector of pollutants in the environment","volume":"417","author":"J\u0119druchniewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2017.1329355","article-title":"Plant extract as environmental-friendly green catalyst for the reduction of hexavalent chromium in tannery effluent","volume":"39","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib17","article-title":"Valorization of disposable COVID-19 mask through the thermo-chemical process","volume":"405","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2014.03.022","article-title":"Study of high density polyethylene (HDPE) pyrolysis with reactive molecular dynamics","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2013.02.015","article-title":"Determination of lead and cadmium using an ionic liquid and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry","volume":"110","author":"L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117748","article-title":"Face masks as a source of nanoplastics and microplastics in the environment: quantification, characterization, and potential for bioaccumulation","volume":"288","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib21","first-page":"271","article-title":"Lead and cadmium distribution in tubes of galvanized steel by hot-dip used for drinking water supply","volume":"14","author":"Mainier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Civil Eng. Architect."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4134","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0966-2","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution in immobile and mobile components of lentic ecosystems-a review","volume":"25","author":"Meena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105730","article-title":"Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: the world should face the reality","volume":"139","author":"Morawska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2021.105395","article-title":"Thermal degradation of polyethylene in the presence of a non-acidic porous solid by a continuous flow reactor","volume":"161","author":"Murata","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.018","article-title":"The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review","volume":"78","author":"Nicola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BIOM.0000045733.38583.8e","article-title":"Cadmium in food chain and health effects in sensitive population groups","volume":"17","author":"Oskarsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.03.001","article-title":"Reduction of hexavalent chromium using Aerva lanata L.: elucidation of reduction mechanism and identification of active principles","volume":"272","author":"Poonkuzhali","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7760","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02178","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic repercussions on the use and management of plastics","volume":"54","author":"Prata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-7-63","article-title":"Limit of detection and limit of quantification development procedures for organochlorine pesticides analysis in water and sediment matrices","volume":"7","author":"Saadati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2021.100042","article-title":"The release process of microfibers: from surgical face masks into the marine environment","volume":"4","author":"Saliu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2020.100052","article-title":"Face mask and medical waste disposal during the novel COVID-19 pandemic in Asia","volume":"2","author":"Sangkham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5186.79345","article-title":"Methods for the determination of limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the analytical methods","volume":"2","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chronicles Young Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib33","first-page":"159","article-title":"Validation and uncertainty estimation of analytical method for determination of benzene in beverages","volume":"6","author":"Styarini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eurasian J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033","article-title":"An investigation into the leaching of micro and nano particles and chemical pollutants from disposable face masks-linked to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"196","author":"Sullivan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Method 3051: microwave assisted acid digestion of sediments, sludges, soils, and oils","author":"Usepa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Test Methods Eval. Solid waste"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784412350.0158","article-title":"Environmental technology verification protocol water quality protection center","author":"Vipulanandan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Grout. Deep Mixing"}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749122008880?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749122008880?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T22:38:59Z","timestamp":1759444739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749122008880"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S0269749122008880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adverse environmental effects of disposable face masks due to the excess usage","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119674","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119674"}}