{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T17:04:52Z","timestamp":1792343092666,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T20:30:39Z","timestamp":1673555439000},"page":"121085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Long-term exposure to ambient O3 and PM2.5 is associated with reduced cognitive performance in young adults: A retrospective longitudinal repeated measures study in adults aged 18\u201390 years"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"320","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4926-2058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren H.","family":"Wyatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1912-8349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie E.","family":"Cleland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naman","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amrita","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6322-4349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cavin","family":"Ward-Caviness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3329-184X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7696-0900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana G.","family":"Rappold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu155","article-title":"Fine particulate matter air pollution and cognitive function among older US adults","volume":"180","author":"Ailshire","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-017-0134-3","article-title":"Cognitive effects of air pollution exposures and potential mechanistic underpinnings","volume":"4","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.08.075","article-title":"Impact of commuting exposure to traffic-related air pollution on cognitive development in children walking to school","volume":"231","author":"Alvarez-Pedrerol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111533","article-title":"Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter, lung function and cognitive performance: a prospective Dutch cohort study on the underlying routes","volume":"201","author":"Aretz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000097202","article-title":"Passage of cytokines across the blood-brain barrier","volume":"2","author":"Banks","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2012.08.014","article-title":"The outdoor air pollution and brain health workshop","volume":"33","author":"Block","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"121","author":"Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00183","volume":"7","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib9","first-page":"1113","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment and dementia involving multiple cognitive domains in Mexican urbanites","volume":"68","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2008.12.011","article-title":"Neurobehavioral effects of ambient air pollution on cognitive performance in US adults","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib11","article-title":"Air pollution is associated with poor cognitive function in Taiwanese adults","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170658","article-title":"Association of low-level ozone with cognitive decline in older adults","volume":"61","author":"Cleary","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10498","article-title":"Short-term exposure to wildfire smoke and PM2.5 and cognitive performance in a brain-training game: a longitudinal study of U.S. Adults","volume":"130","author":"Cleland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.01.018","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution and cognitive functioning across the life course - a systematic literature review","volume":"147","author":"Clifford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015","volume":"389","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2003.10.001","article-title":"The 2001 National Household Travel Survey: a look into the travel patterns of older Americans","volume":"34","author":"Collia","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107523","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on the nervous system and its possible role in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"210","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30568-6","article-title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of outdoor air pollution exposure and cognitive function in UK Biobank","volume":"8","author":"Cullen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143734","article-title":"A critical review of the epidemiological evidence of effects of air pollution on dementia, cognitive function and cognitive decline in adult population","volume":"757","author":"Delgado-Saborit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010067","article-title":"Particulate matter exposure and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children: a systematic review of epidemiological studies","volume":"17","author":"Donzelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00164-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of respiratory tract cancers and associated risk factors from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"9","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203267","article-title":"Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task","volume":"16","author":"Eriksen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2013.09.004","article-title":"Components of air pollution and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults in Los Angeles","volume":"40","author":"Gatto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113583","article-title":"Exposure to ambient air pollution and executive function among Chinese primary schoolchildren","volume":"229","author":"Gui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200766","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cognitive function among hispanic\/latino adults in san diego, California","volume":"79","author":"Ilango","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.06.035","article-title":"Urinary t,t-muconic acid as a proxy-biomarker of car exhaust and neurobehavioral performance in 15-year olds","volume":"151","author":"Kicinski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib27","series-title":"Air Pollution and Adult Cognition: Evidence from Brain Training","author":"La Nauze","year":"2021"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib28","article-title":"Associations between acute exposures to PM2.5 and carbon dioxide indoors and cognitive function in office workers: a multicountry longitudinal prospective observational study","volume":"16","author":"Laurent","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61766-8","article-title":"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16162976","article-title":"Air pollution exposure and cognitive function in Taiwanese older adults: a repeated measurement study","volume":"16","author":"Lo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib31","unstructured":"NOAA. Global Surface Summary of the Day - GSOD.in N. National Climatic Data Center, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, editor.."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib32","series-title":"A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135911","article-title":"Environmental chronic exposure to metals and effects on attention and executive function in the general population","volume":"705","author":"Rafiee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.08.003","article-title":"Long-term exposure to traffic-related particulate matter impairs cognitive function in the elderly","volume":"109","author":"Ranft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12919","article-title":"Work by day and sleep by night, do not sleep too little or too much: effects of sleep duration, time of day and circadian synchrony on flanker-task performance in internet brain-game users from teens to advanced age","volume":"29","author":"Richards","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.07.014","article-title":"Recent versus chronic exposure to particulate matter air pollution in association with neurobehavioral performance in a panel study of primary schoolchildren","volume":"95","author":"Saenen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193767","article-title":"Exposure to ambient air pollution and cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults: the Korean frailty and aging cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib38","first-page":"389","article-title":"The impact of air pollution to central nervous system in children and adults","volume":"38","author":"Sram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1128-2","article-title":"The joint contribution of participation and performance to learning functions: exploring the effects of age in large-scale data sets","volume":"51","author":"Steyvers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00935-3","article-title":"Inferring latent learning factors in large-scale cognitive training data","volume":"4","author":"Steyvers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Human Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17735","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1906788116","article-title":"A large-scale analysis of task switching practice effects across the lifespan","volume":"116","author":"Steyvers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001792","article-title":"Association between traffic-related air pollution in schools and cognitive development in primary school children: a prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Sunyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.03.019","article-title":"Cognitive impacts of ambient air pollution in the national social health and aging Project (NSHAP) cohort","volume":"104","author":"Tallon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.03.018","article-title":"Associations of long-term exposure to air pollution and road traffic noise with cognitive function-An analysis of effect measure modification","volume":"103","author":"Tzivian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.03.010","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation","volume":"60","author":"Varatharaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800023","article-title":"Association of traffic-related air pollution with children's neurobehavioral functions in Quanzhou, China","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/10789669.2008.10391012","article-title":"The effects of electrostatic particle filtration and supply-air filter condition in classrooms on the performance of schoolwork by children (RP-1257)","volume":"14","author":"Wargocki","year":"2008","journal-title":"HVAC R Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.683","article-title":"Exposure to particulate air pollution and cognitive decline in older women","volume":"172","author":"Weuve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP8716","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution in relation to risk of dementia and related outcomes: an updated systematic review of the epidemiological literature","volume":"129","author":"Weuve","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00157","article-title":"A review of epidemiological research on adverse neurological effects of exposure to ambient air pollution","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9193","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809474115","article-title":"The impact of exposure to air pollution on cognitive performance","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749123000878?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749123000878?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T22:49:54Z","timestamp":1759445394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749123000878"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0269749123000878"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Long-term exposure to ambient O3 and PM2.5 is associated with reduced cognitive performance in young adults: A retrospective longitudinal repeated measures study in adults aged 18\u201390 years","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121085","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"121085"}}