{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:46:46Z","timestamp":1790736406490,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011256","name":"Auckland Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:01:35Z","timestamp":1764028895000},"page":"127437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Air emissions & firewater runoff contamination from lithium-ion battery fires in rubbish trucks"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"389","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3658-5712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Homam","family":"Jalali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6948-6543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyndon","family":"Collie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5178-355X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeid","family":"Baroutian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib1","series-title":"Investigation of Fire Emissions from Li-ion Batteries","author":"Andersson","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib2","author":"Anzecc","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib3","series-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 3125 B: Metals by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib4","series-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 4500-F C: Fluoride - Ion-Selective Electrode Method","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib5","series-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 4500-P H: Phosphorus \u2013 Ascorbic Acid Method","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries10040118","article-title":"Assessment of runoff waters resulting from lithium-ion battery fire-fighting operations","volume":"10","author":"Bordes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Batteries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.111288","article-title":"Review of gas emissions from lithium-ion battery thermal runaway failure \u2014 considering toxic and flammable compounds","volume":"87","author":"Bugryniec","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.228585","article-title":"An experimental study on thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries with high specific energy and prediction of heat release rate","volume":"472","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib9","first-page":"37","article-title":"A general discussion of Li ion battery safety","volume":"21","author":"Doughty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochem. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib10","article-title":"Passenger ev lib fire incidents","year":"2024","journal-title":"EVFiresafe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib11","article-title":"All electrified transport lib fire incidents","year":"2023","journal-title":"EVFiresafe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6924","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7924","article-title":"In-operando high-speed tomography of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway","volume":"6","author":"Finegan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49753-5","article-title":"Lithium-ion battery components are at the nexus of sustainable energy and environmental release of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances","volume":"15","author":"Guelfo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib14","series-title":"EH40\/2005 Workplace Exposure Limits","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2023.103829","article-title":"Analysis of combustion gases from large-scale electric vehicle fire tests","volume":"139","author":"Hynynen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2014.10.081","article-title":"Failure propagation in multi-cell lithium ion batteries","volume":"283","author":"Lamb","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09784-z","article-title":"Toxic fluoride gas emissions from lithium-ion battery fires","volume":"7","author":"Larsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries2020009","article-title":"Lithium-ion battery aspects on fires in electrified vehicles on the basis of experimental abuse tests","volume":"2","author":"Larsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Batteries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1611","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0311410jes","article-title":"Abuse by external heating, overcharge and short circuiting of commercial lithium-ion battery cells","volume":"161","author":"Larsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0171606jes","article-title":"Considerations on the chemical toxicity of contemporary Li-ion battery electrolytes and their components","author":"Lebedeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.304","article-title":"Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in view of lithium recovery: a critical review","volume":"228","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1601978","article-title":"Electrospun core-shell microfiber separator with thermal-triggered flame-retardant properties for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib23","article-title":"Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1905","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0921509jes","article-title":"Experimental analysis of thermal runaway and propagation in lithium-ion battery modules","volume":"162","author":"Lopez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib25","volume":"511","author":"Ludwig","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib26","series-title":"Produits De D\u00e9gradation Thermique Des Mati\u00e8res Plastiques","author":"Mairesse","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.3390\/su17031000","article-title":"Component degradation in lithium-ion batteries and their sustainability: a concise overview","volume":"17","author":"Mansir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib28","series-title":"Resource Management (National Environmental Standards for Air Quality) Regulations 2004","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries2010005","article-title":"Toxic gas emissions from damaged lithium ion Batteries\u2014analysis and safety enhancement solution","volume":"2","author":"Nedjalkov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Batteries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib30","series-title":"Method 7903: Acids, Inorganic. Issue 2. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib31","article-title":"Method 2532: nitroglycerin and ethylene glycol dinitrate","year":"1994","journal-title":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib32","series-title":"The Ecotoxicity of Firewater Runoff. Part II: Analytical Results (Research Report No. 18). New Zealand Fire Service Commission","author":"Noiton","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib33","series-title":"An Analysis of lithium-ion Battery Fires in Waste Management and Recycling","author":"O'Connor","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20656","article-title":"Enhancing the energy density of safer Li-ion batteries by combining high-voltage lithium cobalt fluorophosphate cathodes and nanostructured titania anodes","volume":"6","author":"Ortiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00704","article-title":"Tailoring a fluorophosphate as a novel 4 V cathode for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"2","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4821","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c08581","article-title":"Ecotoxicity evaluation of fire-extinguishing water from large-scale battery and battery electric vehicle fire tests","volume":"57","author":"Quant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.125845","article-title":"Pollution and toxicity of heavy metals in wildfires-affected soil and surface water: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"369","author":"Rao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2022.106579","article-title":"Meta-analysis of heat release and smoke gas emission during thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries","volume":"60","author":"Rappsilber","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2011.07.023","article-title":"Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde concentrations from sites impacted by heavy-duty diesel vehicles and their correlation with the fuel composition: diesel and diesel\/biodiesel blends","volume":"92","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105657","article-title":"Evaluation of the laminar burning velocity of various battery vent gases emitted during the thermal runaway of Li-ion cells","volume":"96","author":"Russo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.4c00727","article-title":"Metals in wildfire suppressants","volume":"11","author":"Schammel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib42","series-title":"Photochemical Smog Formation: Chemical Reactions and Environmental Impact","author":"Srivastava","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.06.031","article-title":"Toxicity, a serious concern of thermal runaway from commercial Li-ion battery","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib44","author":"Thapa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib45","series-title":"Office of Solid Waste","article-title":"Method 8315A: determination of carbonyl compounds by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (No. SW-846)","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib46","series-title":"Method 8270D: Semivolatile Organic Compounds by Gas chromatography\/mass Spectrometry (GC\/MS)","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib47","series-title":"Compendium Method TO-11A: Determination of Formaldehyde in Ambient Air Using Adsorbent Cartridge Followed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) (No. EPA\/625\/R-96\/010b)","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib48","series-title":"Method 300.1, Revision 1.0: Determination of Inorganic Anions in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib49","article-title":"Hydrogen fluoride:acute exposure guideline levels","volume":"vol. 4","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib50","unstructured":"wasteMINZ, n.d.Battery collection facilities [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.wasteminz.org.nz\/our-work\/hot-topics\/battery-collection-facilities (accessed 7.1.25)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s43979-025-00119-w","article-title":"Safety assessment of Mn-based lithium-ion battery: thermal stability and vent gas explosion characteristics","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbon Neutrality"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5103","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c01431","article-title":"Emerging research needs for characterising the risks of global lithium pollution under carbon neutrality strategies","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11637","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c00225","article-title":"Lithium pollution and its associated health risks in the largest lithium extraction industrial area in China","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2021.03.031","article-title":"A review of fire-extinguishing agent on suppressing lithium-ion batteries fire","volume":"62","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749125018111?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749125018111?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T09:32:40Z","timestamp":1773826360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749125018111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0269749125018111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Air emissions & firewater runoff contamination from lithium-ion battery fires in rubbish trucks","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127437","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"127437"}}