{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:43:48Z","timestamp":1793191428863,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1204324N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1204324N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FWO.HMZ.2022.0008.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWO.HMZ.2022.0008.01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004385","name":"Universiteit Gent","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BOF23 \/GOA\/008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF23 \/GOA\/008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T07:38:11Z","timestamp":1770449891000},"page":"127785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Characterization of complex environmental contaminant mixtures in common toad breeding ponds in Flanders, Belgium"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"395","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9841-4436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Devliegere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Goessens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1382-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"De Baere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8663-4330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Blomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Barbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Meers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Vanhaecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8158-4401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Spanoghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Martel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5893-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Batsleer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Bonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Pasmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Croubels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24081","article-title":"Toxicity assessment of a tebuconazole\u2010based fungicide on the embryo\u2010larval development of the common south American toad Rhinella arenarum","volume":"39","author":"Acquaroni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-020-02335-9","article-title":"Pesticide exposure affects reproductive capacity of common toads (Bufo bufo) in a viticultural landscape","volume":"30","author":"Adams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-021-00491-1","article-title":"Interspecific sensitivity of European amphibians towards two pesticides and comparison to standard test species","volume":"33","author":"Adams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2024.2311828","article-title":"How do different concentrations of aluminum and zinc affect the survival, body size, morphology and immune system of Physalaemus cuvieri (Fitzinger, 1826) tadpole?","volume":"87","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12517","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912517","article-title":"Occurrence and health risks of heavy metals in drinking water of self-supplied wells in northern China","volume":"19","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12063","article-title":"Effects of road mortality and mitigation measures on amphibian populations","volume":"27","author":"Beebee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2012.04.006","article-title":"Temporal coincidence of migrating amphibians with mineral fertiliser applications on arable fields","volume":"155","author":"Berger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02622","article-title":"Glyphosate applications on arable fields considerably coincide with migrating amphibians","volume":"3","author":"Berger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c12204","article-title":"Comprehensive nontargeted analysis of drinking water supplies to identify chemicals associated with estrogen receptor agonism or present in regions of elevated breast cancer occurrence","volume":"59","author":"Black","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05909.x","article-title":"The complexity of amphibian population declines: understanding the role of cofactors in driving amphibian losses","volume":"1223","author":"Blaustein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1163\/15685381-bja10207","article-title":"Consistent phenological advancement of common toad migration in response to climate change in Flanders, Belgium","volume":"46","author":"Blomme","year":"2025","journal-title":"Amphibia-Reptilia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib11","article-title":"Decline of common toad populations in flanders is not linked to surrounding landscape","author":"Blomme","year":"2026","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.04.006","article-title":"Ecological risk assessment of the presence of pharmaceutical residues in a French national water survey","volume":"69","author":"Bouissou-Schurtz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1021\/jf073082k","article-title":"Fusarium mycotoxins: overlooked aquatic micropollutants?","volume":"56","author":"Bucheli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1655\/0018-0831-76.2.101","article-title":"A synthesis of evidence of drivers of amphibian declines","volume":"76","author":"Campbell Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.207","article-title":"Screening of pesticides and veterinary drugs in small streams in the European Union by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"670","author":"Casado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5162","article-title":"Toxicity and risk assessment of zinc and aluminum mixtures to Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (Crustacea: Cladocera)","volume":"40","author":"Castelhano Gebara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/w13131734","article-title":"Role of pond sediments for trapping pesticides in an agricultural catchment (Aurad\u00e9, SW France): distribution and controlling factors","volume":"13","author":"Chaumet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115911","article-title":"Pond mitigation in dissolved and particulate pesticide transfers: influence of storm events and seasonality (Aurad\u00e9 agricultural catchment, SW-France)","volume":"320","author":"Chaumet","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2024.02.004","article-title":"Spatial analysis of the potential exposure of amphibians to plant protection products at the landscape scale","volume":"76","author":"Churko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-35573-z","article-title":"Occurrence, dispersal, and associated environmental risk assessment of pesticides and their transformation products in small water bodies of Northeastern France","volume":"31","author":"Conseil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.1902","article-title":"Contaminant residues and declines of the Cascades frog (Rana cascadae) in the California Cascades, USA","volume":"31","author":"Davidson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib22","article-title":"Contrasting effects of ammonium nitrate on tadpole survival, growth and behavior in two common anuran species","volume":"44","author":"Dimitrova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Front."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EM00246E","article-title":"Direct and indirect photodegradation of atrazine and S -metolachlor in agriculturally impacted surface water and associated C and N isotope fractionation","volume":"23","author":"Drouin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124761","article-title":"Trends in mercury, lead and cadmium concentrations in 27 European streams and rivers: 2000\u20132020","volume":"360","author":"Ekl\u00f6f","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib25","first-page":"36","article-title":"Commission directive 2009\/90\/EC laying down, pursuant to directive 2000\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, technical specifications for chemical analysis and monitoring of water status (text with EEA relevance). Off","volume":"L201","year":"2009","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib26","article-title":"Commission implementing decision (EU) 2025\/439 of 28 February 2025 establishing a watch list of substances for union-wide monitoring in the field of water policy pursuant to directive 2008\/105\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council","year":"2025","journal-title":"Off. J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib27","article-title":"Directive 2000\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Off. J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib28","first-page":"84","volume":"348","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Eur. Communities L"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2025.104748","article-title":"Novel miniaturized exposure to evaluate the toxicity of Enniatin B1 on Daphnia magna","volume":"117","author":"Felice","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib30","article-title":"Lethal and sublethal measures of chronic copper toxicity in the eastern narrowmouth toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis","volume":"34","author":"Flynn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1655\/0018-0831-76.2.251","article-title":"Adrift on a sea of troubles: can amphibians survive in a human-dominated world?","volume":"76","author":"Ford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/fwb.13130","article-title":"Amphibian\u2010mediated nutrient fluxes across aquatic\u2013terrestrial boundaries of temporary wetlands","volume":"63","author":"Fritz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.11.001","article-title":"Commonness, population depletion and conservation biology","volume":"23","author":"Gaston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2013.11.008","article-title":"Relationships between PCA and PLS-regression","volume":"130","author":"Godoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib100","article-title":"Development, validation, and application of an innovative UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS method for multi-class analysis of endocrine disruptors in bottled water: Influence of bottle material, water source, and retail price","volume":"344995","author":"Goessens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Analytica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EM00215A","article-title":"Highly sensitive multi-residue analysis of veterinary drugs including coccidiostats and anthelmintics in pond water using UHPLC-MS\/MS: application to freshwater ponds in Flanders, Belgium","volume":"22","author":"Goessens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121326","article-title":"Multi-class analysis of 46 antimicrobial drug residues in pond water using UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS and application to freshwater ponds in Flanders, Belgium","volume":"220","author":"Goessens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110366","article-title":"Multi-residue analysis of 20 mycotoxins including major metabolites and emerging mycotoxins in freshwater using UHPLC-MS\/MS and application to freshwater ponds in flanders, Belgium","volume":"196","author":"Goessens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150661","article-title":"Agricultural contaminants in amphibian breeding ponds: occurrence, risk and correlation with agricultural land use","volume":"806","author":"Goessens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib39","article-title":"Ontogenic delays in effects of nitrite exposure on tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum) and wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)","volume":"24","author":"Griffis-Kyle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.10.020","article-title":"Removal of organic micropollutants in waste stabilisation ponds: a review","volume":"206","author":"Gruchlik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib41","article-title":"Two sampling strategies for an overview of pesticide contamination in an agriculture-extensive headwater stream","volume":"25","author":"Guibal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib42","article-title":"Metal\u2010mediated climate susceptibility in a warming world: larval and latent effects on a model amphibian","volume":"35","author":"Hallman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib43","article-title":"Roads reduce amphibian abundance in ponds across a fragmented landscape","volume":"28","author":"Hamer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"issue":"53","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47844","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA05406D","article-title":"Risk assessment of environmental mixture effects","volume":"6","author":"Heys","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.119252","article-title":"Monitoring of pesticides in the processing water and wastewater of vegetable processing companies: sources and treatment challenges","volume":"13","author":"Hoendervangers","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa687","article-title":"Dream: powerful differential expression analysis for repeated measures designs","volume":"37","author":"Hoffman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2020.105671","article-title":"Individual and mixture toxicity of chromium and copper in development, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism and apoptosis of Bufo gargarizans embryos","volume":"229","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118412","article-title":"The influences of pulse exposure versus continuous exposure to cadmium are different: mechanisms elucidated from motor behavior and brain in amphibian larvae","volume":"299","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2025.104708","article-title":"Tebuconazole-based fungicide impairs embryonic development of the South African clawed Frog Xenopus laevis","volume":"116","author":"Ihle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib50","series-title":"ISO 10304-1: Water Quality - Determination of Dissolved Anions by Liquid Chromatography of ions\u2014Part 1: Determination of Bromide, Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate and Sulphate","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.12.009","article-title":"Beyond occurrence: body condition and stress hormone as integrative indicators of habitat availability and fragmentation in the common toad","volume":"144","author":"Janin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Methods for handling concentration values below the limit of quantification in PK studies","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"PhUSE US Connect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14132300","article-title":"Multi-mycotoxin analyses by UPLC-MS\/MS in wheat: the situation in Belgium in 2023 and 2024","volume":"14","author":"Jonard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-009-0234-0","article-title":"Combined effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on susceptibility of the tiger salamander to Ambystoma tigrinum virus","volume":"6","author":"Kerby","year":"2009","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01399.x","article-title":"An examination of amphibian sensitivity to environmental contaminants: are amphibians poor canaries?","volume":"13","author":"Kerby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5726","article-title":"Environmental risks of pharmaceutical mixtures in aquatic ecosystems: reflections on a decade of research","volume":"43","author":"Kidd","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib57","first-page":"470","article-title":"Mycotoxins: diffuse and point source contributions of natural contaminants of emerging concern to streams","author":"Kolpin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2014.10.005","article-title":"Temporal coincidence of amphibian migration and pesticide applications on arable fields in spring","volume":"16","author":"Lenhardt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06578-4","article-title":"Ongoing declines for the world's amphibians in the face of emerging threats","volume":"622","author":"Luedtke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.06.016","article-title":"Combined exposure to ambient UVB radiation and nitrite negatively affects survival of amphibian early life stages","volume":"385","author":"Mac\u00edas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib61","article-title":"Herbicide exposure affects the chemical recognition of a non native predator in common toad tadpoles (Bufo bufo)","volume":"17","author":"Mandrillon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemoecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.05.015","article-title":"Amphibians and agricultural chemicals: review of the risks in a complex environment","volume":"157","author":"Mann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martel, A., Blooi, M., Adriaensen, C., Van Rooij, P., Beukema, W., Fisher, M.C., Farrer, R.A., Schmidt, B.R., Tobler, U., Goka, K., Lips, K.R., K. R., Muletz, C., Zamudio, K. R., Bosch, J., L\u00f6tters, S., Wombwell, E., Garner, T. W. J., Cunningham, A. A., Sluijs, A. S.-v. d.,\u2026Pasmans, F. 2014. Recent introduction of a chytrid fungus endangers Western Palearctic salamanders. science 346 (6209), 630\u2013631. doi:10.1126\/science.1258268.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258268"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153549","article-title":"Polar organic chemical integrative samplers as an effective tool for chemical monitoring of surface waters \u2013 results from one-year monitoring in France","volume":"824","author":"Mathon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3252","article-title":"Accounting for metal bioavailability in assessing water quality: a step change?","volume":"35","author":"Merrington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s44274-024-00037-1","article-title":"Heavy metal concentrations and water quality assessment of different types of drinking water wells in the Erdenet Cu\u2013Mo mining area","volume":"2","author":"Munkhsuld","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discover Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121419","article-title":"Assessing pesticide residues occurrence and risks in water systems: a Pan-European and Argentina perspective","volume":"254","author":"Navarro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib66","article-title":"Complex organisms must deal with complex threats: how does amphibian conservation deal with biphasic life cycles?","volume":"13","author":"Nolan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib67","article-title":"Vegan: community ecology package","author":"Oksanen","year":"2025","journal-title":"R package version 2.6-10, _vegan: Commun. Ecol. Package"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-004-2296-x","article-title":"Impact of ammonium nitrate on growth and survival of six European amphibians","volume":"47","author":"Ortiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115692","article-title":"Metals, pesticides, and emerging contaminants on water bodies from agricultural areas and the effects on a native amphibian","volume":"226","author":"Peluso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-025-03150-6","article-title":"Increasingly uncommon common toads: multidecadal, ongoing abundance decline of a widespread amphibian despite volunteer conservation action","author":"Petrovan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.11.086","article-title":"Reciprocal effects of pesticides and pathogens on amphibian hosts: the importance of exposure order and timing","volume":"221","author":"Pochini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib72","article-title":"Thermal sensitivity of Rhinella arenarum tadpole at low concentrations of dimethoate pesticides","volume":"279","author":"Quiroga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part C: Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blab101","article-title":"Declining common toad body size correlated with climate warming","volume":"134","author":"Reading","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1890\/02-5298","article-title":"Predator cues and pesticides: a double dose of danger for amphibians","volume":"13","author":"Relyea","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib75","article-title":"Occurrence of natural contaminants of emerging concern in the Douro River Estuary, Portugal","volume":"70","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","article-title":"Limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies","volume":"43","author":"Ritchie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07281","article-title":"Agrochemicals increase trematode infections in a declining amphibian species","volume":"455","author":"Rohr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148269","article-title":"Mapping the relative probability of common toad occurrence in terrestrial lowland farm habitat in the United Kingdom","volume":"11","author":"Salazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib79","author":"Schenzel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.08.163","article-title":"Pesticide mixtures in streams of several European countries and the USA","volume":"573","author":"Schreiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib81","author":"Schymanski"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.06.028","article-title":"Contaminant mixtures interact to impair predator-avoidance behaviours and survival in a larval amphibian","volume":"161","author":"Sievers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166326","article-title":"Chemical occurrence of pesticides and transformation products in two small lentic waterbodies at the head of agricultural watersheds and biological responses in caged Gasterosteus aculeatus","volume":"904","author":"Slaby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.08.114","article-title":"Pesticide concentrations in frog tissue and wetland habitats in a landscape dominated by agriculture","volume":"502","author":"Smalling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib85","article-title":"Effects of nitrate on the interactions of the tadpoles of two ranids (Rana clamitans and R. catesbeiana)","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001647","article-title":"Environmental chemicals altered in association with deployment for high risk areas","volume":"61","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"7650","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22059","article-title":"Drivers of salamander extirpation mediated by Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans","volume":"544","author":"Stegen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.4952","article-title":"Occurrence of common frog (Rana temporaria) and common toad (Bufo bufo) adults and metamorphs in agricultural fields in Germany: potential for exposure to plant protection products","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Integrated Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib102","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ion-chromatographic determination of common anions in drinking water in some regions of the Republic of Armenia","author":"Tsaturyan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacia(71)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.032","article-title":"Lentic small water bodies: variability of pesticide transport and transformation patterns","volume":"618","author":"Ulrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2016.02.011","article-title":"Genetic and biochemical effects induced by iron ore, Fe and Mn exposure in tadpoles of the bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus","volume":"174","author":"Veronez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib90","series-title":"Bijlage 2.3.1. Basismilieukwaliteitsnormen Voor Oppervlaktewater, Belgisch Staatsblad","article-title":"Besluit van de Vlaamse regering houdende algemene en sectorale bepalingen inzake milieuhygi\u00ebne (Vlarem II)","author":"Vlarem","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib91","series-title":"Ministerieel Besluit Tot goedkeuring van het compendium voor de monsterneming, meting en analyse van water (WAC) en tot wijziging van bijlage 4.2.5.2 bij het besluit van de Vlaamse Regering van 1 juni 1995 houdende algemene en sectorale bepalingen inzake","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4528","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-8205-9","article-title":"Individual and mixture effects of five agricultural pesticides on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122900","article-title":"Fungicides from rice cultivation (tebuconazole and azoxystrobin) alters biochemical and histological markers of hammertoad tadpoles (Boana faber)","volume":"341","author":"Warsneski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib94","series-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1890\/11-0915.1","article-title":"Making leaps in amphibian ecotoxicology: translating individual\u2010level effects of contaminants to population viability","volume":"22","author":"Willson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib96","article-title":"Assessment of interactive effects of elevated salinity and three pesticides on life history and behavior of southern toad (Anaxyrus terrestris) tadpoles","volume":"34","author":"Wood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106849","article-title":"Tooth biomarkers to characterize the temporal dynamics of the fetal and early-life exposome","volume":"157","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1377685","article-title":"A review of common statistical methods for dealing with multiple pollutant mixtures and multiple exposures","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126001557?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126001557?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:43:39Z","timestamp":1790595819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749126001557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["S0269749126001557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Characterization of complex environmental contaminant mixtures in common toad breeding ponds in Flanders, Belgium","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127785","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"127785"}}