{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T06:48:36Z","timestamp":1791787716149,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016592","name":"University of the Littoral Opal Coast","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon Europe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["856612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["856612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014809","name":"Institut Chevreul","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004562","name":"Minist\u00e8re de l'Enseignement sup\u00e9rieur et de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010095","name":"R\u00e9gion Hauts-de-France","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004338","name":"Saint Joseph University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011045","name":"Minist\u00e8re de l'Enseignement sup\u00e9rieur et de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011045","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024413","name":"Saint-Joseph University of Beirut Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024413","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T16:24:09Z","timestamp":1773332649000},"page":"127955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effect of protesting by burning barricades on PM2.5: chemical composition and oxidative potential evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"397","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3129-3873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Fadel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nansi","family":"Fakhri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6475-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Ledoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Oikonomou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Sciare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Courcot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charbel","family":"Afif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2018.01.003","article-title":"A first annual assessment of air quality modeling over Lebanon using WRF\/Polyphemus","volume":"9","author":"Abdallah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib2","article-title":"Determination of gaseous and particulate emission factors from road transport in a Middle Eastern capital","volume":"83","author":"Abdallah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp Res D Transp Envrion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-2361(95)00122-L","article-title":"Comparison of the combustion behaviour of pulverized waste tyres and coal","volume":"74","author":"Atal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.07.263","article-title":"Effect of public transport strikes on air pollution levels in Barcelona (Spain)","volume":"610\u2013611","author":"Basaga\u00f1a","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b03430","article-title":"Review of acellular assays of ambient particulate matter oxidative potential: methods and relationships with composition, sources, and health effects","volume":"53","author":"Bates","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib6","series-title":"The Hong Kong Protests Explained in 100 and 500 Words","first-page":"2021","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124620","article-title":"Characteristics, sources and health risks of toxic species (PCDD\/Fs, PAHs and heavy metals) in PM2.5 during fall and winter in an industrial area","volume":"238","author":"Bi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.05.027","article-title":"Comparison between ultrafine and fine particulate matter collected in Lebanon: chemical characterization, in vitro cytotoxic effects and metabolizing enzymes gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"205","author":"Borgie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9719","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-9719-2021","volume":"21","author":"Borlaza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-8243-0","article-title":"Street protests and air pollution in Hong Kong","volume":"192","author":"Brimblecombe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10110698","article-title":"Seasonal variations and chemical predictors of oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM), for seven urban French sites","volume":"10","author":"Calas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7863","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-7863-2018","article-title":"Comparison between five acellular oxidative potential measurement assays performed with detailed chemistry on PM10 samples from the city of Chamonix (France)","volume":"18","author":"Calas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11060643","article-title":"Variation of the distribution of atmospheric n-alkanes emitted by different fuels' combustion","volume":"11","author":"Caumo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-79-2010","article-title":"Toward a standardised thermal-optical protocol for measuring atmospheric organic and elemental carbon: the EUSAAR protocol","volume":"3","author":"Cavalli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2016.01.014","article-title":"Characterisation and seasonal variations of particles in the atmosphere of rural, urban and industrial areas: organic compounds","volume":"44","author":"Cazier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Environ Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.153","article-title":"Emissions of pollutant gases, fine particulate matters and their significant tracers from biomass burning in an open-system combustion chamber","volume":"224","author":"Chantara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib17","article-title":"Mass mobilization protest data","author":"Clark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harvard Dataverse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(63)90093-0","article-title":"A postulated role of fatty acids in petroleum formation","volume":"27","author":"Cooper","year":"1963","journal-title":"Geochim Cosmochim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2023.113783","article-title":"Extreme energy poverty: the aftermath of Lebanon's economic collapse","volume":"183","author":"Dagher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib20","first-page":"488","article-title":"The 17 October 2019 protests in Lebanon: perceptions of Lebanese and nonLebanese residents of Tripoli and surroundings","author":"Dahrouge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Campus Human Rights Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1021\/es00050a018","article-title":"Mutagenicity and chemical analysis of emissions from the open burning of scrap rubber tires","volume":"28","author":"DeMarini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9000-y","article-title":"Quantitative cancer risk assessment and local mortality burden for ambient air pollution in an eastern Mediterranean City","volume":"24","author":"Dhaini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.12.059","article-title":"Uncontrolled combustion of shredded tires in a landfill \u2013 part 1: characterization of gaseous and particulate emissions","volume":"104","author":"Downard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib24","series-title":"Particulate Emissions of Tire Combustion","author":"Downard","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib25","article-title":"Populism and carbon tax justice: the yellow vest movement in France","author":"Driscoll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Probl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib26","series-title":"Directive (European Union) 2024\/2881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe (Recast)","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib27","author":"Evans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-022-01461-6","article-title":"Methods for the assessment of health risk induced by contaminants in atmospheric particulate matter: a review","volume":"20","author":"Fadel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165843","article-title":"Source apportionment of PM2.5 oxidative potential in an East Mediterranean site","volume":"900","author":"Fadel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2022.101622","article-title":"Identification and apportionment of local and long-range sources of PM2.5 in two East-Mediterranean sites","volume":"14","author":"Fadel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2026.102917","article-title":"Oxidative Potential of PM2.5: source apportionment analysis across four East Mediterranean Sites","author":"Fadel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2021.101261","article-title":"Human health risk assessment for PAHs, phthalates, elements, PCDD\/Fs, and DL-PCBs in PM2.5 and for NMVOCs in two East-Mediterranean urban sites under industrial influence","volume":"13","author":"Fadel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2020.07.030","article-title":"PM2.5 characterization of primary and secondary organic aerosols in two urban-industrial areas in the East Mediterranean","volume":"101","author":"Fadel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113032","article-title":"Chemical profiles of PM2.5 emitted from various anthropogenic sources of the Eastern Mediterranean: cooking, wood burning, and diesel generators","volume":"211","author":"Fadel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2022.07.010","article-title":"Comprehensive chemical characterization of PM2.5 in the large East Mediterranean-Middle East city of Beirut, Lebanon","volume":"133","author":"Fakhri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.1021\/ef800456k","article-title":"Mechanistic aspects of soot formation from the combustion of pine wood","volume":"22","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy & Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/001979398904200302","article-title":"One hundred years of strike statistics: methodological and theoretical issues in quantitative strike research","volume":"42","author":"Franzosi","year":"1989","journal-title":"ILR Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021961","article-title":"Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in London","volume":"6","author":"Godri","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib39","article-title":"Impact of public transport strikes on traffic and pollution in the city of Barcelona","volume":"98","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Transport Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2009.12.0080","article-title":"Characterization of atmospheric organic carbon and element carbon of PM2.5 and PM10 at Tianjin, China","volume":"10","author":"Gu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res. Aerosol and Air Quality Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(84)90375-5","article-title":"Review of receptor model fundamentals","volume":"18","author":"Henry","year":"1984","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-017-1498-5","article-title":"Assessment of environmental impact of open burning of scrap tyres on ambient air quality","volume":"15","author":"Jimoda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2015.10.025","article-title":"PM2.5 source apportionment in a French urban coastal site under steelworks emission influences using constrained non-negative matrix factorization receptor model","volume":"40","author":"Kfoury","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(94)00275-P","article-title":"PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and, gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions","volume":"29","author":"Khalili","year":"1995","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9023","DOI":"10.3390\/app10249023","article-title":"Atmospheric concentrations and health implications of PAHs, PCBs and PCDD\/Fs in the vicinity of a heavily industrialized site in Greece","volume":"10","author":"Koukoulakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2006.02.019","article-title":"A summer and winter apportionment of particulate matter at urban and rural areas in northern France","volume":"82","author":"Ledoux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib47","article-title":"Characterization of air pollutants emitted from a simulated scrap tire fire","volume":"43","author":"Lemieux","year":"1993","journal-title":"AWMA J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129685","article-title":"Evaluation of atmospheric sources of PCDD\/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs around an MSWI plant using active and passive air samplers","volume":"274","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.07.046","article-title":"Influence of the public transportation system on the air quality of a major urban center. A case study: milan, Italy","volume":"42","author":"Meinardi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.10.045","article-title":"Oxidative potential of subway PM2.5","volume":"148","author":"Moreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141448","article-title":"Assessment of the PM2.5 oxidative potential in a coastal industrial city in Northern France: relationships with chemical composition, local emissions and long range sources","volume":"748","author":"Moufarrej","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib52","series-title":"World Protests: a Study of Key Protest Issues in the 21st Century","first-page":"13","article-title":"An Analysis of World Protests 2006\u20132020","author":"Ortiz","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.11.039","article-title":"Concentration and risk assessment of phthalates present in indoor air from newly decorated apartments","volume":"68","author":"Pei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071483","article-title":"Analysis of the characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 in the Beijing, Tianjin, and Langfang Region, China","volume":"15","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.06.073","article-title":"PCDD and PCDF concentrations in a traffic tunnel environment","volume":"493","author":"Rahman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122514","article-title":"Chemical and oxidative properties of fine particulate matter from near-road traffic sources","volume":"337","author":"Raparthi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2015.1025636","article-title":"Fine and ultrafine particles in the vicinity of industrial activities: a Review","volume":"45","author":"Riffault","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1021\/es00046a019","article-title":"Sources of fine organic aerosol. 3. Road dust, tire debris, and organometallic brake lining dust: roads as sources and sinks","volume":"27","author":"Rogge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02987621","article-title":"A review of biomarker compounds as source indicators and tracers for air pollution","volume":"6","author":"Simoneit","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(01)00061-0","article-title":"Biomass burning \u2014 a review of organic tracers for smoke from incomplete combustion","volume":"17","author":"Simoneit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6961","DOI":"10.1021\/es050767x","article-title":"Combustion products of plastics as indicators for refuse burning in the atmosphere","volume":"39","author":"Simoneit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(91)90088-O","article-title":"Molecular marker study of extractable organic matter in aerosols from urban areas of China","volume":"25","author":"Simoneit","year":"1991","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2013.831975","article-title":"Composition and source apportionment of organic aerosol in Beirut, Lebanon, during winter 2012","volume":"47","author":"Waked","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aerosol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.02.006","article-title":"Characterization of organic tracer compounds in PM2.5 at a semi-urban site in Beirut, Lebanon","volume":"143","author":"Waked","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5873","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-5873-2013","article-title":"Modeling air pollution in Lebanon: evaluation at a suburban site in Beirut during summer","volume":"13","author":"Waked","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11353","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-11353-2021","article-title":"Source apportionment of atmospheric PM10 oxidative potential: synthesis of 15 year-round urban datasets in France","volume":"21","author":"Weber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib66","series-title":"WHO Air Quality Guidelines. Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib67","article-title":"The effect of national protest in Ecuador on PM pollution","volume":"11","author":"Zalakeviciute","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2017.1320154","article-title":"Open burning as a source of dioxins","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.3923\/jas.2014.2695.2703","article-title":"An environmental impact assessment of the open burning of scrap tires","volume":"14","author":"Ziadat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci."}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126003258?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126003258?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T06:34:20Z","timestamp":1791786860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749126003258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["S0269749126003258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effect of protesting by burning barricades on PM2.5: chemical composition and oxidative potential evaluation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127955","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"127955"}}