{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:46:58Z","timestamp":1786117618690,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008441","name":"CYTED Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda para el Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011875","name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia, Inova\u00e7\u00f5es e Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011875","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund Plus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCTIC\/CNPq - Universal\/A-file 424808\/2018-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCTIC\/CNPq - Universal\/A-file 424808\/2018-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T06:06:22Z","timestamp":1778738782000},"page":"128350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Early-life exposure to metals through breast milk and neonatal vulnerability in the Brazilian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"406","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0130-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f4nica","family":"Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7771-2100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Turull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6302-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montse","family":"Marqu\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2105-9947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanderley","family":"Rodrigues Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2584-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean R.D.","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6730-7769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rejane C.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5666-2909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronaldo","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8989-7966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walkimar","family":"Aleixo da Costa J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7225-5359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago","family":"Aluisio Maciel Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9870-2179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergi","family":"D\u00edez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib1","article-title":"Levels of potentially toxic and essential elements in Tocantins River sediment: health risks at Brazil's savanna-amazon interface","volume":"14","author":"Acioly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8928","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2021.2000600","article-title":"Metals contamination and trace element level in breast milk samples of mothers in Kenitra, Morocco","volume":"103","author":"Ait Lhaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib3","first-page":"8","article-title":"Immunoglobulins content in colostrum, transitional and mature milk of Bangladeshi mothers: influence of parity and sociodemographic characteristics","volume":"24","author":"Akhter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mother Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70268","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70268","article-title":"Risk assessment of toxic and potentially toxic metals in raw goat milk: a systematic review of global data and environmental factors","volume":"24","author":"Almeida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.05.002","article-title":"Trace mineral composition of human breast milk from Brazilian mothers","volume":"54","author":"Alves Peixoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.05.012","article-title":"Metal concentrations in surface water and sediments from Pardo River, Brazil: human health risks","volume":"133","author":"Alves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-89773-0.00050-3","article-title":"Drugs and chemical contaminants in human breast milk","volume":"1019\u20131052","author":"Anad\u00f3n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Reproductive Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib8","series-title":"Chumbo Total E Estanho Inorg\u00e2nico Em Alimentos Infantis, E D\u00e1 Outras Provid\u00eancias","article-title":"Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o da diretoria colegiada - RDC no193, de 12 de dezembro de 2017 establece os Limites M\u00e1ximos Tolerados (LMT) dos contaminantes ars\u00eanio inorg\u00e2nico, c\u00e1dmio total","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib9","series-title":"Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o - RCD no42, De 29 De Agosto De 2013. Disp\u00f5e Sobre O Regulamento T\u00e9cnico MIERCOSUL Sobre Limites M\u00e1ximos De Contaminantes Inorg\u00e3nicos En Alimentos","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib10","first-page":"49","article-title":"Human milk composition: Nutrients and bioactive factors","volume":"60","author":"Ballard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4403-8","article-title":"Cross-sectional assessment of infants' exposure to toxic metals through breast milk in a prospective cohort study of mining communities in Ghana","volume":"17","author":"Bansa","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib81","first-page":"255","article-title":"Establishment and analytical quality control of laboratories for Hg determination in biological and geological samples in the Amazon, Brazil","volume":"50","author":"Bastos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Cult. (S\u00e3o Paulo)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-1165-1","article-title":"Heterogeneity of multimedia exposures to neurotoxic elements (Al, As, Cd, Pb, Mn, and hg) in breastfed infants from Porto Velho, Brazil","volume":"184","author":"Bastos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-92","article-title":"Metals and trace element concentrations in breast milk of first time healthy mothers: a biological monitoring study","volume":"11","author":"Bj\u00f6rklund","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265090301S108","article-title":"Dietary intervention strategies to enhance zinc nutrition: promotion and support of breastfeeding for infants and young children","volume":"30","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020303","article-title":"Investigation of iron and zinc concentrations in human milk in correlation to maternal factors: an observational pilot study in Poland","volume":"13","author":"Bzikowska-Jura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-014-0030-8","article-title":"Concentration profiles of metals in breast milk, drinking water, and soil: relationship between matrices","volume":"160","author":"Cardoso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13100898","article-title":"Perinatal exposure to heavy metals and trace elements of preterm neonates in the NICU: a toxicological study using multiple biomatrices","volume":"13","author":"Celik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117985","article-title":"Occurrence, dietary influence and risks of selected trace metals in different coastal predatory species","volume":"245","author":"Chao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30451-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis","volume":"7","author":"Chawanpaiboon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.7762\/cnr.2016.5.1.15","article-title":"Association of maternal diet with zinc, copper, and iron concentrations in transitional human milk produced by Korean mothers","volume":"5","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib21","series-title":"Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o no396, De 3 De Abril De 2008, Disp\u00f5e Sobre a Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o E Directrizes Ambientais Para O Enquadramento Das \u00c1guas Subterr\u00e2neas E D\u00e1 Outras Provid\u00eancias","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2022.2081857","article-title":"Characterization of the Fatty acid and elemental composition of human milk with chemometric processing to determine the nutritional value","volume":"56","author":"Covaciu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"issue":"421","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib23","article-title":"Impact of copper mining wastes in the Amazon: properties and risks to environment and human health","volume":"5","author":"Covre","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:106:2:145","article-title":"Breast-milk mercury concentrations and amalgam surface in mothers from Bras\u00edlia, Brazil","volume":"106","author":"Da Costa","year":"2005","journal-title":"BTER"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115389","article-title":"Assessment of toxic metals and trace elements in breast milk of mothers and their health risks to infants: a cross-sectional study in Ardabil, Northwest Iran","volume":"200","author":"Dargahi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.26471\/cjees\/2020\/015\/110","article-title":"Heavy metals backgrounds and guiding values in southwestern amazonian soils - a comparative study","volume":"15","author":"de Mello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carpath. J. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-012-2980-7","article-title":"Reference values for heavy metals in soils of the Brazilian agricultural frontier in Southwestern Amaz\u00f4nia","volume":"185","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy022","article-title":"Overview of nutrients in human milk","volume":"9","author":"Dror","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib29","first-page":"85","article-title":"Assessment of iron content of breast milk in preterm and term mothers in enugu urban","volume":"1","author":"Ejezie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Health Sci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2014.993919","article-title":"Assessment of health risks resulting from early-life exposures: are current chemical toxicity testing protocols and risk assessment methods adequate?","volume":"45","author":"Felter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113914","article-title":"Concentrations and determinants of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic in pooled donor breast milk in Spain","volume":"240","author":"Freire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902113400607","article-title":"Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation","volume":"340","author":"Gabay","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-024-02175-0","article-title":"Spatial distribution and factors influencing the accumulation of toxic metals in soils in mountain agroecosystems, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"46","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10081176","article-title":"The role of Fe, Zn, and Cu in pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Grzeszczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib35","series-title":"Causal Inference: what if","author":"Hernan","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14804","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214804","article-title":"Exclusive breastfeeding and childhood morbidity: a narrative review","author":"Hossain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib37","series-title":"Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc","article-title":"Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-011-0475-9","article-title":"Lead levels in breast milk, blood plasma and intelligence quotient: a health hazard for women and infants","volume":"88","author":"Isaac","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-018-0320-8","article-title":"Breast milk contamination with lead and cadmium and its related factors in Kerman, Iran","volume":"16","author":"Khanjani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2016.01.005","article-title":"Risk assessment and management to prevent preterm birth","volume":"21","author":"Koullali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.12.001","article-title":"Lead levels in milk and blood from donors to the Breast milk bank in southern Brazil","volume":"110","author":"Koyashiki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-025-02491-z","article-title":"Assessment of risk to human health associated with the consumption of contaminated groundwater in the Western Brazilian amazon","volume":"47","author":"Laureano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14384-6","article-title":"Elemental plasma content and urinary excretion in vineyard farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides in southern Brazil","volume":"28","author":"Lini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9461-z","article-title":"Health risks of environmental exposure to metals and herbicides in the Pardo River, Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Machado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-013-1093-5","article-title":"Breast milk lead concentrations of mothers living near tin smelters","volume":"91","author":"Marques","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib46","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5676","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-025-04595-0","article-title":"Chemical components in the breast milk of passive smoker women: a systematic review and health risks assessment","volume":"203","author":"Moftian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.10.011","article-title":"Association of maternal prenatal copper concentration with gestational duration and preterm birth: a multicountry meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Monangi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-022-00395-4","article-title":"Contamination of breast milk with lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9289","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179289","article-title":"Heavy metals and trace elements in human breast milk from industrial\/mining and agricultural zones of Southeastern Spain","volume":"18","author":"Motas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.139700","article-title":"A systematic review on metal contamination due to mining activities in the Amazon basin and associated environmental hazards","volume":"339","author":"Moulatlet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4502","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22495-x","article-title":"Evaluation of some toxic metals in breast milk samples with dietary and sociodemographic characteristics: a case study of Kermanshah, Western Iran","volume":"30","author":"Nakhaee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450570","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1450570","article-title":"Lead contamination in human milk affects infants' language trajectory: results from a prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Naspolini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crtox.2024.100201","article-title":"Lactational exposure of human infants to metal(loid)s in Sub-Saharan Africa and Mediterranean Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Onyena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1039\/a705136k","article-title":"Risk assessment in relation to neonatal metal exposure","volume":"123","author":"Oskarsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8261","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2056869","article-title":"Correlation between As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Sn concentration in human milk and breastfeeding mothers' food consumption: a systematic review and infants' health risk assessment","volume":"63","author":"Pierezan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.917659","article-title":"Dynamic changes in the human milk metabolome over 25 weeks of lactation","volume":"9","author":"Poulsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12193674","article-title":"The influence of the lactation period and the type of milk on the content of amino acids and minerals in human milk and infant formulas","volume":"12","author":"Purkiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.08.027","article-title":"Arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium: toxicity, levels in breast milk and the risks for breastfed infants","volume":"151","author":"Rebelo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2022.0281","article-title":"The volume of breast milk intake in infants and young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Rios-Leyvraz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576133","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.576133","article-title":"Nutritional and non-nutritional composition of human milk is modulated by maternal, infant, and methodological factors","volume":"7","author":"Samuel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9050659","article-title":"Association between breast milk mineral content and maternal adherence to healthy dietary patterns in Spain: a transversal study","volume":"9","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1","article-title":"Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies","volume":"20","author":"Schisterman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12060680","article-title":"Pollutants in breast milk: a scoping review of the Most recent data in 2024","volume":"12","author":"Serreau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33919-0","article-title":"Human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in the breast milk consumed by infants in Western Iran","volume":"13","author":"Sharafi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04249-7","article-title":"Evaluating heavy metals in human breast milk: a cross-sectional study from mining and agricultural areas in Northwestern Iran","volume":"203","author":"Sobhanikia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00557-w","article-title":"Mining drives extensive deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"8","author":"Sonter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-75182019000500511","article-title":"Niveles de cobre y zinc en diferentes etapas de la leche materna y la influencia del estado nutricional de madres lactantes","volume":"46","author":"Suarez-Villa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib69","first-page":"133","article-title":"Heavy metal toxicity and the environment","volume":"101","author":"Tchounwou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Natl. Inst. Health Exper. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126978","article-title":"Total metal content and chemical speciation analysis of iron, copper, zinc and iodine in human breast milk using high-performance liquid chromatography separation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection","volume":"326","author":"Trinta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00494-6","article-title":"Principles of confounder selection","volume":"34","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-022-00940-1","article-title":"Current practice and recommendations for advancing how human variability and susceptibility are considered in chemical risk assessment","volume":"21","author":"Varshavsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2025.127641","article-title":"Risk assessment of trace elements in human breastmilk in a Northern Italy population","volume":"89","author":"Venturelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-017-1206-z","article-title":"Sialic acid and iron content in breastmilk of Chinese lactating women","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.137104","article-title":"Occurrences of heavy metal in breast milk in China: results of the third national breast milk survey","volume":"486","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:79:3:221","article-title":"Selenium, zinc, and copper concentrations in the blood and milk of lactating women","volume":"79","author":"Wasowicz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10434","article-title":"Investigation of amino acids and minerals in Chinese breast milk","volume":"100","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib78","series-title":"Born Too Soon: Decade of Action on Preterm Birth","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib79","first-page":"1","article-title":"Longitudinal changes of human milk nutrient content in the first 6 months of lactation","volume":"8","author":"Willy","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Nutr. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-017-0042-4","article-title":"Cells of human breast milk","volume":"22","author":"Witkowska-Zimny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett."}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126007207?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126007207?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T14:10:16Z","timestamp":1786025416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749126007207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["S0269749126007207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Early-life exposure to metals through breast milk and neonatal vulnerability in the Brazilian Amazon","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128350","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"128350"}}