{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:59:44Z","timestamp":1790423984356,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100027475","name":"Conrad Prebys Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100027475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:17:58Z","timestamp":1785770278000},"page":"128860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Human-associated viral pathogens in water and air and evaluation of PMMoV as an indicator of airborne viruses near the Tijuana River, CA"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"408","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0351-3513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Fani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula E.","family":"Stigler Granados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penelope J.E.","family":"Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8143-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Verbyla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2153-3490.1957.tb01867.x","article-title":"Bubble formation and modification in the sea and its meteorological significance","volume":"9","author":"Blanchard","year":"1957","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ321","article-title":"Detection and quantification of airborne norovirus during outbreaks in healthcare facilities","volume":"61","author":"Bonifait","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10210","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c01767","article-title":"The environmental microbiology minimum information (EMMI) guidelines: qPCR and dPCR quality and reporting for environmental microbiology","volume":"55","author":"Borchardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03457-12","article-title":"Mechanisms of human adenovirus inactivation by sunlight and UVC light as examined by quantitative PCR and quantitative proteomics","volume":"79","author":"Bosshard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.3.074001","article-title":"Minimum size for the top jet drop from a bursting bubble","volume":"3","author":"Brasz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2017.07.015","article-title":"Human viral pathogens are pervasive in wastewater treatment center aerosols","volume":"67","author":"Brisebois","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-022-05542-8","article-title":"Persistence of fecal indicators and microbial source tracking markers in water flushed from riverbank soils","volume":"233","author":"Calderon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water, Air, Soil Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.12.044","article-title":"Spatial patterns of pharmaceuticals and wastewater tracers in the Hudson river Estuary","volume":"137","author":"Cantwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2008.9521841","article-title":"Similitude and scale effects of air entrainment in hydraulic jumps","volume":"46","author":"Chanson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132534","article-title":"Bubble manipulates the release of viral aerosols in aeration","volume":"461","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11090919","article-title":"A review on airborne microbes: the characteristics of sources, pathogenicity and geography","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0082017","article-title":"Airborne virus transmission under different weather conditions","volume":"12","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-030121-014132","article-title":"Mass transfer at the ocean\u2013atmosphere interface: the role of wave breaking, droplets, and bubbles","volume":"54","author":"Deike","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v64i0.15598","article-title":"Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review","volume":"64","author":"Despr\u00e9s","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.565","article-title":"Health effects associated with recreational coastal water use: urban versus rural California","volume":"94","author":"Dwight","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2026.181970","article-title":"Correlation between microbial source tracking markers and pathogens at beaches and estuaries in southern California","volume":"1046","author":"Fani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.3c00758","article-title":"Ratio of HF183 to PMMoV in sewage and its change when exposed to different temperatures and sunlight conditions","volume":"4","author":"Fani","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib18","series-title":"Modeling Impacts of Various Wastewater and Stormwater Flow Scenarios on San Diego South Bay and Tijuana Beaches","author":"Feddersen","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-014-0036-6","article-title":"Recreational water and infection: a review of recent findings","volume":"2","author":"Fewtrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib20","series-title":"Method 1615: measurement of enterovirus and norovirus occurrence in water by culture and RT-qPCR. U.S. environmental protection Agency, office of research and development","author":"Fout","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2025.104891","article-title":"The dominant role of jetting in micron- and sub-micron sea spray produced by bubble bursting: a revised model and comparison with measurements","volume":"166","author":"Ga\u00f1\u00e1n-Calvo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14758","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c05060","article-title":"Detection and quantification of enteric pathogens in aerosols near open wastewater canals in cities with poor sanitation","volume":"55","author":"Ginn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7413","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02354-13","article-title":"Occurrence of pepper mild mottle virus in drinking water sources in Japan","volume":"79","author":"Haramoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.3c00164","article-title":"Quantification of the emission of atmospheric microplastics and nanoplastics via sea spray","volume":"10","author":"Harb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00028-17","article-title":"Cross-comparison of human wastewater-associated molecular markers in relation to fecal indicator bacteria and enteric viruses in recreational beach waters","volume":"83","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib26","series-title":"Tijuana river flow gauge","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2003.11.021","article-title":"The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations\u2014a review","volume":"326","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.6.3131-3136.2005","article-title":"Quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection of human adenoviruses and identification of serotypes 40 and 41","volume":"71","author":"Jothikumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-025-09647-1","article-title":"Quantification and genotyping of norovirus in aerosols from wastewater treatment plants in Thailand","volume":"17","author":"Kittigul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaf020","article-title":"Pepper mild mottle virus as a potential indicator of occupational exposure to airborne viruses in wastewater treatment plants","volume":"69","author":"Lauv\u00e5s","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Work Exposures Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx281","article-title":"Is it safe to go back into the water? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk of acquiring infections from recreational exposure to seawater","volume":"47","author":"Leonard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.138644","article-title":"Artificial sweeteners in wastewater treatment plants: a systematic review of global occurrence, distribution, removal, and degradation pathways","volume":"494","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16111987","article-title":"Beach pollution effects on health and productivity in California","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib34","first-page":"14","article-title":"Monitoring the effects of transboundary water pollution in imperial Beach, California","volume":"25","author":"Maione","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medical Sciences Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.06.002","article-title":"Assessment of airborne virus contamination in wastewater treatment plants","volume":"133","author":"Masclaux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030131","article-title":"Development of a portable detection method for enteric viruses from ambient air and its application to a wastewater treatment plant","volume":"8","author":"Matsubara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50186","article-title":"Effect of soluble surfactant on bubble persistence and bubble\u2010produced aerosol particles","volume":"118","author":"Modini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4071","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c02312","article-title":"Bacterial and chemical evidence of coastal water pollution from the Tijuana River in sea spray aerosol","volume":"57","author":"Pendergraft","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.2c00265","article-title":"Chemical and microbial markers for discriminating sanitary sewer contamination in coastal, urban streams","volume":"2","author":"Pinongcos","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Water"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7550","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1300262110","article-title":"Bringing the ocean into the laboratory to probe the chemical complexity of sea spray aerosol","volume":"110","author":"Prather","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000451","article-title":"Human adenovirus infections: update and consideration of mechanisms of viral persistence","volume":"31","author":"Radke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-1571-2012","article-title":"Dissolved organic matter in sea spray: a transfer study from marine surface water to aerosols","volume":"9","author":"Schmitt-Kopplin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712456976","article-title":"Development and performance evaluation of calf diarrhea pathogen nucleic acid purification and detection workflow","volume":"24","author":"Schroeder","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5796","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.12.5796-5803.2002","article-title":"Microbial source tracking: current methodology and future directions","volume":"68","author":"Scott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6884","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05806-11","article-title":"Norovirus infectivity in humans and persistence in water","volume":"77","author":"Seitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125280","article-title":"Experimental measurements of particle deposition in the human nasal airway","volume":"672","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.05.017","article-title":"Incidence of gastrointestinal illness following wet weather recreational exposures: harmonization of quantitative microbial risk assessment with an epidemiologic investigation of surfers","volume":"121","author":"Soller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.191537","article-title":"Characterizing norovirus transmission from outbreak data, United States","volume":"26","author":"Steele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08452-1","article-title":"Detection and identification of potentially infectious gastrointestinal and respiratory viruses at workplaces of wastewater treatment plants with viability qPCR\/RT-qPCR","volume":"12","author":"Stobnicka-Kupiec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380601174764","article-title":"Particle-associated viruses in water: impacts on disinfection processes","volume":"38","author":"Templeton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-011-9068-3","article-title":"Exposure to airborne noroviruses and other bioaerosol components at a wastewater treatment plant in Denmark","volume":"3","author":"Uhrbrand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib53","series-title":"Method 1696: Characterization of Human Fecal Pollution in Water by HF183\/BacR287 TaqMan\u00ae Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) Assay (EPA 821-R-19-002)","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib54","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Adenoviruses","author":"Usman","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-010814-014651","article-title":"Ocean spray","volume":"47","author":"Veron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac261","article-title":"Bubbles spray aerosols: certitudes and mysteries","volume":"1","author":"Villermaux","year":"2022","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6978","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1702420114","article-title":"The role of jet and film drops in controlling the mixing state of submicron sea spray aerosol particles","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.674214","article-title":"A combined digital PCR and next generation DNA-sequencing based approach for tracking nearshore pollutant dynamics along the southwest United States\/Mexico border","volume":"12","author":"Zimmer-Faust","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126012303?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126012303?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:18:12Z","timestamp":1790421492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749126012303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S0269749126012303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Human-associated viral pathogens in water and air and evaluation of PMMoV as an indicator of airborne viruses near the Tijuana River, CA","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128860","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"128860"}}