{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:51:44Z","timestamp":1791874304950,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018554","name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26JRRF004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26JRRF004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42277094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42277094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:29:45Z","timestamp":1787786985000},"page":"128983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Study on the transport mechanism of surface particulate matter based on the closed earth-air model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"409","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3368-1204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongshou","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunren","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yipu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-018-0203-z","article-title":"A systematic review on global pollution status of particulate matter-associated potential toxic elements and health perspectives in urban environment","volume":"41","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10279","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-10279-2024","article-title":"Biomass-burning sources control ambient particulate matter, but traffic and industrial sources control volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and secondary-pollutant formation during extreme pollution events in Delhi","volume":"24","author":"Awasthi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527336449.ch11","article-title":"Aerosol impact on cultural heritage: deterioration processes and strategies for preventive conservation","author":"Bonazza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmospheric aerosols: Life cycles and effects on air quality and climate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119889","article-title":"Source apportionment, identification and characterization, and emission inventory of ambient particulate matter in 22 Eastern mediterranean region countries: a systematic review and recommendations for good practice","volume":"310","author":"Faridi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib5","article-title":"Quantity and spatial distribution of earth-air activity in Cave 108 of the Dunhuang Mogao grottoes","author":"Fei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-024-06885-3","article-title":"Effect of earth-air on water transport in the vadose zone of the Loess plateau","volume":"509","author":"Fei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107453","article-title":"Sources, compositions, spatio-temporal distributions, and human health risks of bioaerosols: a review","volume":"305","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6813","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c01072","article-title":"A review of road traffic-derived non-exhaust particles: emissions, physicochemical characteristics, health risks, and mitigation measures","volume":"56","author":"Fussell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-023-11922-2","article-title":"Assessment of meteorological parameters on air pollution variability over Delhi","volume":"195","author":"Garsa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib10","series-title":"Characteristics of Atmospheric Particulates and Organic Carbon in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes","first-page":"39","author":"He","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.08.087","article-title":"Contributions to cities' ambient particulate matter (PM): a systematic review of local source contributions at global level","volume":"120","author":"Karagulian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variability and source apportionment of particulate matter (pm) emissions using binned size distributions: insights from merra-2 over Africa","author":"Khamala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.22630\/srees.10703","article-title":"A case study of complex pollution characteristics associated with suspended particulate matter and heavy metals","volume":"34","author":"Klymenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences (SREES)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6137","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20416","article-title":"Review on airflow in unsaturated zones induced by natural forcings","volume":"49","author":"Kuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib15","article-title":"Monitoring the intensity distribution of earth-air activity around the Mogao grottoes","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Heritage Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-021-09962-3","article-title":"The effect of earth-air passive exchange on the formation of haze patterns","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Earth-air flux: measurement, characteristics, and mechanism of formation in extremely arid areas","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib18","article-title":"Natural discharge of carbon from the extremely arid land: the mode and amount of CO2 emission based on earth-air exchange","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120675","article-title":"Measurement and characteristics of radon flow in an extremely arid region based on a closed-system earth-air model","volume":"356","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rising damp: the rising of moist earth-air in the mogao grottoes, China","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stud. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib21","article-title":"Passive breathing of earth-air: \u201cfingerprint\u201d evidence from moisture records","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.04.025","article-title":"The daily evaporation characteristics of deeply buried phreatic water in an extremely arid region","volume":"514","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib23","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of precipitation pulses on evaporation of deeply buried phreatic water in extra-arid areas","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00507-5","article-title":"A comprehensive understanding of ambient particulate matter and its components on the adverse health effects based from epidemiological and laboratory evidence","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3629","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-3629-2023","article-title":"Modelling the European wind-blown dust emissions and their impact on particulate matter (PM) concentrations","volume":"23","author":"Liaskoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1220720","article-title":"The characteristic of atmospheric particulate matter and the influence factors in Xiamen for air quality management","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-022-01327-4","article-title":"Mass, composition, and sources of particulate matter in residential and traffic sites of an urban environment","volume":"45","author":"Manojkumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib28","article-title":"Characteristics of PAHs, PCDD\/Fs, PCBs and PCNs in atmospheric fine particulate matter in Dalian, China","volume":"288","author":"Mila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2024.102324","article-title":"Chemical characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) at an urban site in Astana, Kazakhstan","volume":"16","author":"Ormanova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL098946","article-title":"Barometric pumping through fractured rock: a mechanism for venting deep methane to Mars' atmosphere","volume":"49","author":"Ortiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/su162310250","article-title":"Linking meteorological variables and particulate matter PM 2.5 in the Aburr\u00e1 Valley, Colombia","volume":"16","author":"Parra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.882569","article-title":"The physiological effects of air pollution: particulate matter, physiology and disease","volume":"10","author":"Pryor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.24057\/2071-9388-2025-3600","article-title":"Spatio-temporal changes of particulate matter (pm 2.5) over Brazil and its correlation with meteorological variables","volume":"18","author":"Shakrullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geography, Environment, Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/11786221221117264","article-title":"Relationships between meteorological and particulate matter concentrations (PM2. 5 and PM10) during the haze period in urban and rural areas, Northern Thailand","volume":"15","author":"Sirithian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Air Soil. Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos16070875","article-title":"The impact of meteorological variables on particulate matter concentrations","volume":"16","author":"Souza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20309-8","article-title":"Impact of air pollution on outdoor cultural heritage objects and decoding the role of particulate matter: a critical review","volume":"29","author":"Vidovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib37","article-title":"Atmospheric processing at the sea-land interface over the South China Sea: secondary aerosol formation, aerosol acidity, and role of sea salts","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063228","article-title":"Study on the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and influencing factors of particulate matter pollution in coal production cities in China","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-26-313-2026","article-title":"Fine-scale fluctuations of PM1, PM2. 5, PM10 and SO2 concentrations caused by a prolonged volcanic eruption (Fagradalsfjall 2021, Iceland)","volume":"26","author":"Whitty","year":"2026","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib40","series-title":"WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib41","series-title":"Ambient (Outdoor) Air Pollution","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib42","first-page":"162","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156279","article-title":"Joint increase of aerosol scattering efficiency and aerosol hygroscopicity aggravate visibility impairment in the North China Plain","volume":"839","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib44","first-page":"436","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib45","first-page":"54","article-title":"Relationship of PM10 concentration in Mogao Grottoes to","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"meteorological elements"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.133182","article-title":"Quantifying and characterizing the impacts of PM2. 5 and humidity on atmospheric visibility in 182 Chinese cities: a nationwide time-series study","volume":"368","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983_bib47","first-page":"127","volume":"35","author":"Zhongwei","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126013539?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126013539?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:32:35Z","timestamp":1791873155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749126013539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0269749126013539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Study on the transport mechanism of surface particulate matter based on the closed earth-air model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128983","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"128983"}}