{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:51:41Z","timestamp":1791874301017,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z1AES103332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z1AES103332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z01-ES044005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z01-ES044005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T08:46:55Z","timestamp":1787388415000},"page":"128984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Water arsenic levels and breast cancer risk in a United States-wide prospective cohort"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"409","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6695-1115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Pullella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4578-5513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Spaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8618-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Ish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1294-1679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rena R.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6776-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dale P.","family":"Sandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2455-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra J.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2011.628792","article-title":"Cancer incidence and pattern of arsenic concentration in drinking water wells in C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina","volume":"22","author":"Aballay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.152803","article-title":"Nutrition, one-carbon metabolism and arsenic methylation","volume":"457","author":"Abuawad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib4","series-title":"Toxicological Profile for Arsenic","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.02.057","article-title":"Factors affecting temporal variability of arsenic in groundwater used for drinking water supply in the United States","volume":"505","author":"Ayotte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10623","article-title":"Arsenic in drinking-water and risk for cancer in Denmark","volume":"116","author":"Baastrup","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-025-07765-9","article-title":"Arsenic in drinking water and breast cancer: a case-control study from a high exposure area in Northern Chile","volume":"213","author":"Blanco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djae031","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution exposure and uterine cancer incidence in the sister study","volume":"116","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"JNCI: J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3686-6","article-title":"Validity of self-reported breast cancer characteristics in a nationwide cohort of women with a family history of breast cancer","volume":"17","author":"D'Aloisio","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.02.055","article-title":"Geostatistical modelling of arsenic in drinking water wells and related toenail arsenic concentrations across Nova Scotia, Canada","volume":"505","author":"Dummer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.08.032","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to breast cancer risk associated with inorganic arsenic exposure","volume":"56","author":"Gamboa-Loira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.04.016","article-title":"Arsenic metabolism and cancer risk: a meta-analysis","volume":"156","author":"Gamboa-Loira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00008","article-title":"Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research","volume":"10","author":"Greenland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/09603129973272","article-title":"Cancer incidence and high environmental arsenic concentrations in rural populations: results of an ecological study","volume":"9","author":"Hinwood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1148283","article-title":"Toenail arsenic species and metallome profiles associated with breast, cervical, prostate, and skin cancer prevalence in the Atlantic partnership for Tomorrow's health cohort","volume":"11","author":"Hood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9058","article-title":"Biomarkers of exposure: a case study with inorganic arsenic","volume":"114","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr184","article-title":"Arsenic exposure and toxicology: a historical perspective","volume":"123","author":"Hughes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Some drinking-water disinfectants and contaminants, including arsenic","volume":"84","author":"IARC","year":"2004","journal-title":"IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib20","first-page":"1","volume":"vol. 84","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib19","series-title":"A Review of Human Carcinogens. Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, v 100C","author":"IARC","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib21","article-title":"Air pollution and breast cancer incidence in a United States-wide prospective cohort study: examining sensitive periods of exposure","volume":"206","author":"Ish","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environment International. 2025\/12\/01\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2016-0068","article-title":"Arsenic and breast cancer: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies","volume":"32","author":"Khanjani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.152768","article-title":"A review of low-dose arsenic risks and human cancers","volume":"456","author":"Lamm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2019.01.002","article-title":"Arsenic variability and groundwater age in three water supply wells in southeast New Hampshire","volume":"10","author":"Levitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5012","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c05239","article-title":"Machine learning models of arsenic in private Wells throughout the conterminous United States as a tool for exposure assessment in human health studies","volume":"55","author":"Lombard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.07.013","article-title":"Arsenic methylation capacity is associated with breast cancer in northern Mexico","volume":"280","author":"L\u00f3pez-Carrillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109361","article-title":"Inorganic arsenic methylation capacity and breast cancer by immunohistochemical subtypes in northern Mexican women","volume":"184","author":"L\u00f3pez-Carrillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.07.015","article-title":"What is the best biomarker to assess arsenic exposure via drinking water?","volume":"39","author":"Marchiset-Ferlay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32595","article-title":"Blood arsenic levels and the risk of familial breast cancer in Poland","volume":"146","author":"Marciniak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.12.112","article-title":"Mitigating dietary arsenic exposure: current status in the United States and recommendations for an improved path forward","volume":"581\u2013582","author":"Nachman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab204","article-title":"Metals and breast cancer risk: a prospective study using toenail biomarkers","volume":"190","author":"Niehoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP7313","article-title":"Inequalities in public water arsenic concentrations in counties and community water systems across the United States, 2006-2011","volume":"128","author":"Nigra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2013.80","article-title":"Biomarkers of arsenic exposure and effects in a Canadian rural population exposed through groundwater consumption","volume":"24","author":"Normandin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14818-x","article-title":"Long-term exposure to low-level arsenic in drinking water is associated with cause-specific mortality and hospitalization in the mt. Amiata area (Tuscany, Italy)","volume":"23","author":"Nuvolone","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400903358934","article-title":"Biomonitoring for environmental exposures to arsenic","volume":"12","author":"Orloff","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.21149\/spm.v58i2.7791","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms of PPAR gamma, arsenic methylation capacity and breast cancer risk in Mexican women","volume":"58","author":"Pineda-Belmontes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113305","article-title":"Arsenic exposure and breast cancer risk: a Re-Evaluation of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Pullella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123791","article-title":"Urinary arsenic levels and risk of breast cancer among women in the Canadian health measures survey: a population-based prospective study","volume":"295","author":"Pullella","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42744-4","article-title":"The association of arsenic exposure with mortality due to cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's and congenital anomalies using poisson regression","volume":"13","author":"Rahmani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1923","article-title":"The sister study cohort: baseline methods and participant characteristics","volume":"125","author":"Sandler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6580.84258","article-title":"Mechanisms pertaining to arsenic toxicity","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx201","article-title":"Lung, bladder, and kidney cancer mortality 40 years after arsenic exposure reduction","volume":"110","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"issue":"2 Suppl. l","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2005.01.048","article-title":"Arsenic, mode of action at biologically plausible low doses: what are the implications for low dose cancer risk?","volume":"207","author":"Snow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122047","article-title":"Impact of lowering the US maximum contaminant level on arsenic exposure: differences by race, region, and water arsenic in NHANES 2003-2014","volume":"333","author":"Spaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115741","article-title":"Cross-sectional associations between drinking water arsenic and urinary inorganic arsenic in the United States: nhanes 2003-2014","volume":"227","author":"Spaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-2231","article-title":"Association of water arsenic with incident diabetes in U.S. adults: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis and the strong heart study","volume":"47","author":"Spaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-023-00586-2","article-title":"Contribution of arsenic and uranium in private Wells and community water systems to urinary biomarkers in US adults: the strong heart study and the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Spaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgq024","article-title":"Ductal carcinoma in situ: risk factors and impact of screening","volume":"2010","author":"Virnig","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93337-y","article-title":"Human biomarkers associated with low concentrations of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in groundwater in agricultural areas of Thailand","volume":"11","author":"Wongsasuluk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib51","first-page":"696","volume":"vol. 8","author":"Yu","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib52","article-title":"Biological and molecular modifications induced by cadmium and arsenic during breast and prostate cancer development","volume":"178","author":"Zimta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Research. 2019\/11\/01\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr-2682","article-title":"The carcinogenic capacity of arsenic in normal epithelial breast cells and double-positive breast cancer cells","volume":"97","author":"Zimta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Pharm Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib3","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. Information on Public Water Systems. Accessed 26 August, 2025. h t t ps:\/\/w w w.epa.gov\/dwreginfo\/information-about-public-water-systems."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984_bib48","unstructured":"Study, N.S. National Insitute of Health - The Sister study cohort status: data release 12. https:\/\/sisterstudy.niehs.nih.gov\/English\/images\/SIS-CohortStatus-DR12_acc.pdf. (Accessed 28 April 2026)."}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126013540?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126013540?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:31:32Z","timestamp":1791873092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749126013540"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0269749126013540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Water arsenic levels and breast cancer risk in a United States-wide prospective cohort","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128984","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"128984"}}