{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:52:56Z","timestamp":1791190376662,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009675","name":"DEECA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022716","name":"Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022716","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"The University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T06:47:07Z","timestamp":1788331627000},"page":"129082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["PFAS in Australian raptor species: terrestrial biomonitors of environmental contamination in changing ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"410","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6162-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phoebe","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Johnstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3767-153X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Chaston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0472-3241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan O.","family":"Hampton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7044-2482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Leeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9279-6258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Etterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9632-8611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minna","family":"Saaristo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Australian land use and management classification version 8","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust. Bur. Agri. Resour. Econom. Sci. Canberra, Australia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165939","article-title":"Discussion. Has the human population become a sentinel for the adverse effects of PFAS contamination on wildlife health and endangered species?","volume":"901","author":"Andrews","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131775","article-title":"Determination of 56 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in top predators and their prey from Northern Europe by LC-MS\/MS","volume":"287","author":"Androulakakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4869","article-title":"Assessing the ecological risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: current state-of-the science and a proposed path forward","volume":"40","author":"Ankley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.1021\/es071301c","article-title":"Evaluation of statistical treatments of left-censored environmental data using coincident uncensored data sets: I. Summary statistics","volume":"42","author":"Antweiler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139198","article-title":"Towards harmonisation of chemical monitoring using avian apex predators: identification of key species for Pan-European biomonitoring","volume":"731","author":"Badry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106934","article-title":"Ecological and spatial variations of legacy and emerging contaminants in white-tailed sea eagles from Germany: implications for prioritisation and future risk management","volume":"158","author":"Badry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120422","article-title":"The effects of exposure to environmentally relevant PFAS concentrations for aquatic organisms at different consumer trophic levels: systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"315","author":"Banyoi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib11","series-title":"Proceedings of the Bushcare Grassy Landscapes Conference","first-page":"19","article-title":"Balancing conservation and production in grassy landscapes","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/235376a0","article-title":"Logarithmic relationship of DDE residues to eggshell thinning","volume":"235","author":"Blus","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.20938\/afo36121123","article-title":"Breeding behaviour and diet of the brown falcon Falco berigora near Goulburn, New South Wales, in 2018","volume":"36","author":"Bollen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. Field Ornithol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-018-0134-4","article-title":"Short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids: environmental concerns and a regulatory strategy under REACH","volume":"30","author":"Brendel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108678","article-title":"Integrated exposure assessment of northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) nestlings to legacy and emerging organic pollutants using non-destructive samples","volume":"178","author":"Briels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1890\/03-9000","article-title":"Toward a metabolic theory of ecology","volume":"85","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-023-00721-8","article-title":"PFAS: forever chemicals\u2014persistent, bioaccumulative and mobile. Reviewing the status and the need for their phase out and remediation of contaminated sites","volume":"35","author":"Brunn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.258","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins","volume":"7","author":"Buck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Integrated Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib18","first-page":"28","article-title":"The effects of dieldrin on the behavior of young loggerhead shrikes","volume":"94","author":"Busbee","year":"1977","journal-title":"The Auk"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2782","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substance concentrations in a terrestrial raptor: relationships to environmental conditions and individual traits","volume":"34","author":"Bustnes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5331","article-title":"Temporal trends of organochlorine and perfluorinated contaminants in a terrestrial raptor in Northern Europe over 34 years (1986\u20132019)","volume":"41","author":"Bustnes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119907","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in marine biota from the Belgian North Sea: distribution and human health risk implications","volume":"311","author":"Cara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib22","series-title":"Silent Spring","author":"Carson","year":"1962"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3390\/environments11120264","article-title":"Understanding environmental contamination through the lens of the peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)","volume":"11","author":"Castagna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2021.732436","article-title":"A review of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substance impairment of reproduction","volume":"3","author":"Chambers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166293","article-title":"Silent killers? The widespread exposure of predatory nocturnal birds to anticoagulant rodenticides","volume":"904","author":"Cooke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EM00163H","article-title":"The concept of essential use for determining when uses of PFASs can be phased out","volume":"21","author":"Cousins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/074873048900400212","article-title":"Intraspecific allometry of basal metabolic rate: relations with body size, temperature, composition, and circadian phase in the kestrel, Falco tinnunculus","volume":"4","author":"Daan","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib30","first-page":"165","article-title":"Biology and diet of the white-bellied sea-eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster breeding in northern inland New South Wales","volume":"25","author":"Debus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. Field Ornithol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib31","article-title":"Breeding biology and diet of the wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audax in the New England region of New South Wales","volume":"24","author":"Debus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust. Field Ornithol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib32","article-title":"The global diet diversity spectrum in avian apex predators","volume":"291","author":"DeLong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5816","article-title":"Assessing contamination profiles in livers from road-killed owls","volume":"43","author":"Dulsat-Masvidal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5816","article-title":"Assessing contamination profiles in livers from road\u2010killed owls","volume":"43","author":"Dulsat\u2010Masvidal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib35","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) [WWW Document]","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Chem. Agency"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16395-6","article-title":"Biomagnification and potential health effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in a terrestrial food web","volume":"15","author":"Ecke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.04.038","article-title":"Comparison of PFASs contamination in the freshwater and terrestrial environments by analysis of eggs from osprey (Pandion haliaetus), tawny owl (Strix aluco), and common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)","volume":"149","author":"Eriksson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-016-1636-8","article-title":"Tracking pan-continental trends in environmental contamination using sentinel raptors\u2014what types of samples should we use?","volume":"25","author":"Esp\u00edn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.123270","article-title":"Assessment of exposure to pesticides, anticoagulant rodenticides, and PFASs in the blood of top-predator birds by LC-MS\/MS analysis","volume":"288","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib39","first-page":"18","article-title":"The breeding diet of wedge-tailed eagles Aquila audux in the absence of rabbits: kangeroo Island, South Australia","volume":"38","author":"Fitzsimons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Corella"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib40","first-page":"36","article-title":"Nest-site characteristics of the wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audux in southern Victoria","volume":"34","author":"Foster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Corella"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib41","first-page":"45","article-title":"Breeding diet of the wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audux in southern Victoria","volume":"34","author":"Foster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Corella"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23362","article-title":"Historical and current usage of per\u2010 and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a literature review","volume":"66","author":"Gaines","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/abb.2013.48A1001","article-title":"Origin and development of homoiothermy: a case study of avian energetics","volume":"4","author":"Gavrilov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Biosci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib44","first-page":"261","article-title":"Resting metabolic rate of golden eagles, bald eagles, and barred owls with a tracking transmitter or an equivalent load","volume":"103","author":"Gessaman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Wilson Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c02297","article-title":"Early life uptake and elimination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances in a seasonally invertivorous bird","author":"Gillings","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib46","first-page":"147","article-title":"Conservation letter: raptors and anticoagulant rodenticides","volume":"56","author":"Gomez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Raptor Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.02.004","article-title":"An overview of existing raptor contaminant monitoring activities in Europe","volume":"67","author":"G\u00f3mez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140330","article-title":"Bioaccumulation potential of bisphenols and benzophenone UV filters: a multiresidue approach in raptor tissues","volume":"741","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rubio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143337","article-title":"A review on contaminants of emerging concern in European raptors (2002\u22122020)","volume":"760","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rubio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crtox.2024.100190","article-title":"Sublethal effects of early-life exposure to common and emerging contaminants in birds","volume":"7","author":"Grace","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23820","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-23799-8","article-title":"PFAS accumulation in several terrestrial plant and invertebrate species reveals species-specific differences","volume":"30","author":"Groffen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114644","article-title":"Temporal trends in PFAS concentrations in livers of a terrestrial raptor (common buzzard; Buteo buteo) collected in Belgium during the period 2000\u20132005 and in 2021","volume":"216","author":"Groffen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163169","article-title":"Contaminant-by-environment interactive effects on animal behavior in the context of global change: evidence from avian behavioral ecotoxicology","volume":"879","author":"Grunst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162361","article-title":"Differences in the internal PFAS patterns of herbivores, omnivores and carnivores - lessons learned from target screening and the total oxidizable precursor assay","volume":"875","author":"Guckert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122004","article-title":"Lead exposure of mainland Australia's top avian predator","volume":"332","author":"Hampton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38493-z","article-title":"Smaller Australian raptors have greater urban tolerance","volume":"13","author":"Headland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123735","article-title":"New insights from an eight-year study on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in an urban terrestrial ecosystem","volume":"347","author":"Heimstad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20249","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c06944","article-title":"Characterizing the movement of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in an avian aquatic\u2013terrestrial food web","volume":"57","author":"Hopkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1086\/422768","article-title":"Basal metabolic rate: history, composition, regulation, and usefulness","volume":"77","author":"Hulbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Biochem. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.033","article-title":"Protected Area management: fusion and confusion with the ecosystem services approach","volume":"651","author":"Hummel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib64","first-page":"56","article-title":"A comparison of the \u03b2-Substitution method and a Bayesian method for analyzing left-censored data","volume":"60","author":"Huynh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.11.002","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substances in soft tissues and tail feathers of Belgian barn owls (Tyto alba) using statistical methods for left-censored data to handle non-detects","volume":"52","author":"Jaspers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5011","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b06818","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances in white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) nestlings from northern Norway\u2014A ten-year study","volume":"54","author":"Jouanneau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122973","article-title":"Stormwater discharges affect PFAS occurrence, concentrations, and spatial distribution in water and bottom sediment of urban streams","volume":"271","author":"Kali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib67","series-title":"Mammals and Birds as Bioindicators of Trace Element Contaminations in Terrestrial Environments: an Ecotoxicological Assessment of the Northern Hemisphere","author":"Kalisi\u0144ska","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1021\/es001935i","article-title":"Perfluorooctane sulfonate in fish-eating water birds including bald eagles and albatrosses","volume":"35","author":"Kannan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1021\/es020519q","article-title":"Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorinated hydrocarbons in marine mammals, fishes, and birds from coasts of the Baltic and the Mediterranean Seas","volume":"36","author":"Kannan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-004-0133-x","article-title":"Perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms at various trophic levels in a Great Lakes food chain","volume":"48","author":"Kannan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.3046","article-title":"Assessing population\u2010level consequences of anthropogenic stressors for terrestrial wildlife","volume":"11","author":"Katzner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17828","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c02134","article-title":"Development and evaluation of aquatic and terrestrial food web bioaccumulation models for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances","volume":"58","author":"Kelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib73","series-title":"Surfactant Science Series","article-title":"Fluorinated surfactants and repellents","author":"Kissa","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19444","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c04867","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and transfer of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in a stream and riparian food web contaminated by food processing wastewater","volume":"59","author":"Kotalik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12615","article-title":"Coevolution of body size and metabolic rate in vertebrates: a life\u2010history perspective","volume":"95","author":"Koz\u0142owski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2026.2643909","article-title":"Raptors as sentinels: unveiling the environmental and health risks of PFAS contamination","volume":"36","author":"Liguori","year":"2026","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.333","article-title":"White-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) feathers from Norway are suitable for monitoring of legacy, but not emerging contaminants","volume":"647","author":"L\u00f8seth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib77","volume":"vol. 2","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-017-0070-8","article-title":"Ecological considerations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)","volume":"3","author":"McCarthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pollut. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2018.08.012","article-title":"State of the world's raptors: distributions, threats, and conservation recommendations","volume":"227","author":"McClure","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3356\/0892-1016-53.4.419","article-title":"Commentary: defining raptors and birds of prey","volume":"53","author":"McClure","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Raptor Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3356\/JRR-12-05.1","article-title":"The diet of breeding brown falcons (Falco berigora) in the Canberra region, Australia, with comparisons to other regions","volume":"46","author":"McDonald","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Raptor Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.07.032","article-title":"The relationship between perfluorinated chemical levels in the feathers and livers of birds from different trophic levels","volume":"407","author":"Meyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib83","series-title":"Birds of Prey: Biology and Conservation in the XXI Century","first-page":"3","article-title":"Phylogeny, taxonomy, and geographic diversity of diurnal raptors: falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and cathartiformes","author":"Mindell","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141437","article-title":"Lead contamination in raptors in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"748","author":"Moncl\u00fas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz097","article-title":"High-throughput UHPLC-MS\/MS measurement of per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances in human serum","volume":"44","author":"Mottaleb","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20132","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05340-6","article-title":"Progress on bringing together raptor collections in Europe for contaminant research and monitoring in relation to chemicals regulation","volume":"26","author":"Movalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9357","DOI":"10.1021\/es050989v","article-title":"Avian toxicity reference values for perfluorooctane sulfonate","volume":"39","author":"Newsted","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02317","article-title":"Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan","volume":"427","author":"Oaks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2024.117040","article-title":"Effect of physicochemical parameters on the occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aquatic environment","volume":"208","author":"Ohoro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1071\/MU05046","article-title":"Trophic relationships between neighbouring white-bellied sea-eagles (Haliaeetus leucogaster) and wedge-tailed eagles (Aquila audax) breeding on rivers and dams near Canberra","volume":"106","author":"Olsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emu. - Austral. Ornithol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib91","first-page":"13","article-title":"Diets of white-bellied sea-eagles Haliaeetus leucogaster and whistling kites Haliastur sphenurus breeding near Canberra, 2003\u20132008","volume":"37","author":"Olsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Corella"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159734","article-title":"A global review of the temporal and spatial patterns of DDT and dieldrin monitoring in raptors","volume":"858","author":"Padayachee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140791","article-title":"Background concentrations and spatial distribution of PFAS in surface waters and sediments of the greater Melbourne area, Australia","volume":"349","author":"Paige","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4914","article-title":"High frequency of lead exposure in the population of an endangered Australian top predator, the tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax fleayi)","volume":"40","author":"Pay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147673","article-title":"Endangered Australian top predator is frequently exposed to anticoagulant rodenticides","volume":"788","author":"Pay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2022.109743","article-title":"Considering behavioral state when predicting habitat use: behavior-specific spatial models for the endangered Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle","volume":"274","author":"Pay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12619","DOI":"10.1021\/es402501c","article-title":"Confronting unknown planetary boundary threats from chemical pollution","volume":"47","author":"Persson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c04158","article-title":"Outside the safe operating space of the planetary boundary for novel entities","volume":"56","author":"Persson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib100","author":"Philips"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib101","series-title":"Rstudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Posit Software","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1071\/MU9800281s","article-title":"Eggshell thinning and organochlorine residues in eggs and prey of peregrine falcons from Victoria, Australia","volume":"80","author":"Pruett-Jones","year":"1981","journal-title":"Emu. - Austral. Ornithol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib103","series-title":"R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142346","article-title":"Maternal transfer of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in wild birds: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"361","author":"Ricolfi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib105","first-page":"32","article-title":"Aspects of breeding ecology of the brown goshawk Accipiter fasciatus in an urban environment in northern Australia","volume":"26","author":"Riddell","year":"2015","journal-title":"North. Territ. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6653","DOI":"10.1021\/es501055d","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns in concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in bald eagle nestlings in the Upper Midwestern United States","volume":"48","author":"Route","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124949","article-title":"Trace elements in liver and muscle tissues from wild waterfowls in Australia: risk associated with human consumption in a global context","volume":"362","author":"Saaristo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2010.05.007","article-title":"Comparative basal metabolic rate among passerines and the food habit hypothesis","volume":"157","author":"Sabat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179903","article-title":"Predictive framework for estimating the risks to raptors from ecologically relevant exposure to second generation anticoagulant rodenticides","volume":"992","author":"Sanchez-Paredes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2019.06.007","article-title":"Population-level impacts of chemical contaminants on apex avian species","volume":"11","author":"Shore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.009","article-title":"Contaminant exposure in terrestrial vertebrates","volume":"150","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2010.01689.x","article-title":"Maximal heat dissipation capacity and hyperthermia risk: neglected key factors in the ecology of endotherms","volume":"79","author":"Speakman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12744","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03514","article-title":"White-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) body feathers document spatiotemporal trends of perfluoroalkyl substances in the northern environment","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110151","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl acids and sulfonamides and dietary, biological and ecological associations in peregrine falcons from the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin, Canada","volume":"191","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145346","article-title":"Influence of perfluoroalkyl acids and other parameters on circulating thyroid hormones and immune-related microRNA expression in free-ranging nestling peregrine falcons","volume":"770","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152528","article-title":"A baseline study of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in waterfowl from a remote Australian environment","volume":"812","author":"Szabo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib118","article-title":"Examining predator\u2013prey body size, trophic level and body mass across marine and terrestrial mammals","volume":"281","author":"Tucker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib120","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/2688-8319.12292","article-title":"Profiling research on PFAS in wildlife: systematic evidence map and bibliometric analysis","volume":"5","author":"Vendl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Solut. Evid."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7439","DOI":"10.1021\/es051097y","article-title":"Perfluorinated alkyl substances in plasma, liver, brain, and eggs of glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from the Norwegian arctic","volume":"39","author":"Verreault","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5309.122","article-title":"A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology","volume":"276","author":"West","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1038\/35098076","article-title":"A general model for ontogenetic growth","volume":"413","author":"West","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2004.10.016","article-title":"Mitigation of climate change impacts on raptors by behavioural adaptation: ecological buffering mechanisms","volume":"47","author":"Wichmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Global Planet. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib126","first-page":"160","article-title":"Population declines of predatory birds coincident with the introduction of Klerat rodenticide in North Queensland","volume":"17","author":"Young","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aus. Bird Watch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4975","article-title":"Development of per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances ecological risk-based screening levels","volume":"40","author":"Zodrow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126014521?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126014521?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:04:36Z","timestamp":1791187476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749126014521"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["S0269749126014521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"PFAS in Australian raptor species: terrestrial biomonitors of environmental contamination in changing ecosystems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129082","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"129082"}}