{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:45:08Z","timestamp":1792021508260,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:01:09Z","timestamp":1790060469000},"page":"129170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["Determinants of early-life household air pollution exposure (HAP): carbon monoxide (CO) and PM2.5 concentrations in Bukavu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"411","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8088-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge Mushamuka","family":"Zigabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick D.M. C.","family":"Katoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Cubaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Kulondwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manosij","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9339-5408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaan","family":"Toelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H.M.","family":"Hoet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004042","article-title":"Acceptability of improved cook stoves-a scoping review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Adhikari","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLOS Glob. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2023.151838","article-title":"Air pollution and pregnancy","volume":"47","author":"Aguilera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S104807","article-title":"Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods","volume":"9","author":"Althubaiti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7552.1","article-title":"Household air pollution and its effects on health","volume":"5","author":"Apte","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.35654\/ijnhs.v7i3.788","article-title":"Assessing Household Awareness of Indoor Air Pollution in Cagayan de Oro City: implications for Health Promotion","volume":"7","author":"Araune","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing and Health Services (IJNHS)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib6","article-title":"Exposure to wood smoke and associated health effects in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"86","author":"Bede-Ojimadu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib7","series-title":"Cooking, Health, and Daily Exposure to Pollution Spikes (No. w31614)","author":"Berkouwer","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-019-0160-8","article-title":"Let's stop dumping cookstoves in local communities. It's time to get implementation right","volume":"30","author":"Brakema","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Primary Care Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib9","series-title":"What's Cooking? A Review of the Health Impacts of Indoor Air Pollution and Technical Interventions for its Reduction","author":"Budds","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-021-00309-5","article-title":"The effect of clean cooking interventions on mother and child personal exposure to air pollution: results from the Ghana randomized air pollution and health study (GRAPHS)","volume":"31","author":"Chillrud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2018.11.016","article-title":"Stacking up the ladder: a panel data analysis of Tanzanian household energy choices","volume":"115","author":"Choumert-Nkolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-025-00476-9","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the impact of improved cookstove technology trials (ICTs) on household air pollution and human health in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"12","author":"Dillon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2011.09.004","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental performance among school age children in rural Guatemala is associated with prenatal and postnatal exposure to carbon monoxide, a marker for exposure to woodsmoke","volume":"33","author":"Dix-Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105748","article-title":"Exposure to indoor air pollution across socio-economic groups in high-income countries: a scoping review of the literature and a modelling methodology","volume":"143","author":"Ferguson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811815","article-title":"Health literacy and its sociodemographic predictors: a cross-sectional study of a population in Madrid (spain)","volume":"19","author":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3786","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02256","article-title":"Censoring trace-level environmental data: statistical analysis considerations to limit bias","volume":"55","author":"George","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib17","article-title":"Ambient and household PM2.5 pollution and adverse perinatal outcomes: a meta-regression and analysis of attributable global burden for 204 countries and territories","volume":"18","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos15101232","article-title":"Implications of traditional cooking on air quality and female health: an In-Depth analysis of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide exposure in a rural community","volume":"15","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pedraza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15091936","article-title":"The cooking and pneumonia study (CAPS) in Malawi: a cross-sectional assessment of carbon monoxide exposure and carboxyhemoglobin levels in children under 5 years old","volume":"15","author":"Havens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib47","series-title":"State of Global Air 2025: A Report on AIr Pollution and its Role in the World\u2019s Leading Causes of Death","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib20","first-page":"611","article-title":"A comparison of several methods for analyzing censored data","volume":"51","author":"Hewett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0572(87)90003-X","article-title":"Household fuel choice in Zimbabwe: an empirical test of the energy ladder hypothesis","volume":"9","author":"Hosier","year":"1987","journal-title":"Resour. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib22","unstructured":"Household air pollution impacts on mortality and disease burden in East Africa and Nile Basin African countries | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Household Air Pollution Impacts on Mortality and Disease Burden in East Africa and Nile Basin African Countries | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation [WWW Document], n.d. URL https:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/research-analysis\/library\/household-air-pollution-impacts-mortality-and-disease-burden-east-africa (accessed 3.30.26)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib23","unstructured":"Household air pollution Household air pollution [WWW Document], n.d. URL https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/household-air-pollution-and-health (accessed 3.30.26)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268823000158","article-title":"Seroprevalence of COVID-19 infection in a densely populated district in the eastern democratic republic of Congo","volume":"151","author":"Irenge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000001126","article-title":"Household air pollution and respiratory health in Africa: persistent risk and unchanged health burdens","volume":"31","author":"Jafta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10295","article-title":"Exposure contrasts of pregnant women during the household air pollution intervention network randomized controlled trial","volume":"130","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14015-w","article-title":"Use of biomass fuels predicts indoor particulate matter and carbon monoxide concentrations; evidence from an informal urban settlement in fort portal city, Uganda","volume":"22","author":"Kansiime","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wdp.2020.100199","article-title":"The risk of survey bias in self-reports vs. actual consumption of clean cooking fuels","volume":"18","author":"Kar","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Dev. Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2024.102341","article-title":"Differentiating local and regional drivers of exceedances of WHO PM2.5 standards with a low-cost sensor network in the greater male\u2019 region (GMR)","volume":"16","author":"Khaleel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2023.119944","article-title":"Evaluation of calibration approaches for indoor deployments of PurpleAir monitors","volume":"310","author":"Koehler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202402-0398ST","article-title":"Household air pollution interventions to improve health in Low- and middle-income countries: an official American thoracic society research statement","volume":"209","author":"Lai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos16101196","article-title":"Advances in high-resolution spatiotemporal monitoring techniques for indoor PM2.5 distribution","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.117908","article-title":"Disparities in global disease burden attributed to ambient particulate matter pollution and household air pollution from solid fuels","volume":"291","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.08.015","article-title":"Systematic review of the hawthorne effect: new concepts are needed to study research participation effects","volume":"67","author":"McCambridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.200619","article-title":"First measurements of ambient PM2.5 in Kinshasa, democratic republic of Congo and brazzaville, republic of Congo using field-calibrated low-cost sensors","volume":"21","author":"McFarlane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2021.102408","article-title":"Renewable energy policies and household solid fuel dependence","volume":"71","author":"McLean","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-023-00606-1","article-title":"Geospatial determinants of maternal and child exposure to fine particulate matter in kintampo, Ghana: levels within the household and community, by surrounding building density and near roadways","volume":"34","author":"Medgyesi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-03800-0","article-title":"Indoor air quality in rural Southwestern Uganda: particulate matter, heavy metals and carbon monoxide in kitchens using charcoal fuel in Mbarara municipality","volume":"2","author":"Nakora","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-26318-3","article-title":"Urban air pollution, green space, and pneumonia risk: a spatial analysis across health zones in Kinshasa, democratic republic of Congo","volume":"26","author":"Ngutuka","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s44292-025-00068-0","article-title":"Short-term effects of PM2.5 exposure and cardiorespiratory health risks in a sub-saharan African urban setting","volume":"3","author":"Ngutuka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov Atmos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib41","first-page":"40","article-title":"Seasonal variability of carbon monoxide (CO) in the ambient environment of IMO state, Nigeria","volume":"53","author":"Njoku","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Lett. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-014-0990-3","article-title":"Assessing exposures to household air pollution in public health research and program evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Northcross","year":"2015","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s44274-026-00558-x","article-title":"Perceptions and awareness of air quality among citizens of Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"4","author":"Pinakidou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Discov. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.01.012","article-title":"Real-life effectiveness of \u2018improved\u2019 stoves and clean fuels in reducing PM2.5 and CO: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Pope","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.01.002","article-title":"Clean fuels for resource-poor settings: a systematic review of barriers and enablers to adoption and sustained use","volume":"146","author":"Puzzolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2020.08.014","article-title":"Indoor air pollution and respiratory health","volume":"41","author":"Raju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib48","article-title":"The association between the burden of PM2.5-Related neonatal preterm birth and socio-demographic index from 1990 to 2019: a global burden study","volume":"19","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-019-0148-4","article-title":"Improved cookstoves in low-resource settings: a spur to successful implementation strategies","volume":"29","author":"Thakur","year":"2019","journal-title":"npj Primary Care Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.11.045","article-title":"The energy ladder: theoretical myth or empirical truth? Results from a meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"van der Kroon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30134-1","article-title":"Early-life exposure to indoor air pollution or tobacco smoke and lower respiratory tract illness and wheezing in African infants: a longitudinal birth cohort study","volume":"1","author":"Vanker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib52","article-title":"Measured PM2.5 indoors and outdoors related to smoking prevalence by zip code using 14,400 low-cost monitors in California, Washington, and Oregon","volume":"1","author":"Wallace","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164874","article-title":"Cracking the code\u2014Matching a proprietary algorithm for a low-cost sensor measuring PM1 and PM2.5","volume":"893","author":"Wallace","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031160","article-title":"Long-term indoor-outdoor PM2.5 measurements using PurpleAir sensors: an improved method of calculating indoor-generated and outdoor-infiltrated contributions to potential indoor exposure","volume":"23","author":"Wallace","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-10.27.200912","article-title":"Levels of PM10 and PM2.5 and respiratory health impacts on school-going children in Kenya","volume":"10","author":"Were","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Health Pollut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib56","unstructured":"WHO global air quality guidelines WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide [WWW Document], n.d. URL https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240034228 (accessed 3.25.26)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81413-y","article-title":"Multinational modelling of PM2.5 and CO exposures from household air pollution in peri-urban Cameroon, Ghana and Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12958","article-title":"Effectiveness of interventions to reduce household air pollution from solid biomass fuels and improve maternal and child health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Woolley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108002","article-title":"Residential cooking-related PM2.5: spatial-temporal variations under various intervention scenarios","volume":"201","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-025-01216-0","article-title":"Impact of prenatal and postnatal household air pollution exposure on respiratory morbidity and lung function in sub-saharan African children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Zigabe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Health"}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S026974912601540X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S026974912601540X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:47:28Z","timestamp":1792018048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S026974912601540X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["S026974912601540X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Determinants of early-life household air pollution exposure (HAP): carbon monoxide (CO) and PM2.5 concentrations in Bukavu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129170","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"129170"}}