{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T20:34:53Z","timestamp":1793219693479,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:45:01Z","timestamp":1790135101000},"page":"129211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Dermal absorption drives phenanthrene lethality in Eisenia fetida: A multi-scale mechanistic framework linking mitochondrial uncoupling to organismal toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"410","author":[{"given":"Tiangang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinya","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minhui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenglian","family":"Kou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2995-5217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinhua","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.12025","article-title":"A review of earthworm impact on soil function and ecosystem services","volume":"64","author":"Blouin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2008.01846.x","article-title":"The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene causes oxidative stress and alters polyamine metabolism in the aquatic liverwort Riccia fluitans L","volume":"31","author":"Burritt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701320337","article-title":"Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death","volume":"35","author":"Elmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471143030.cb0303s04","article-title":"Isolation of mitochondria from tissues and cells by differential centrifugation","volume":"4","author":"Graham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131072","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into phenanthrene-triggered oxidative stress-associated neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and behavioral disturbances toward the brandling worm (Eisenia fetida) brain: the need for an ecotoxicological evaluation","volume":"450","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153167","article-title":"Toxic mechanism on phenanthrene-triggered cell apoptosis, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity and activity changes of immunity protein in Eisenia fetida: combined analysis at cellular and molecular levels","volume":"819","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40012","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-18990-w","article-title":"Behavioral, histopathological, genetic, and organism-wide responses to phenanthrene-induced oxidative stress in Eisenia fetida earthworms in natural soil microcosms","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166903","article-title":"Decoding the biological toxicity of phenanthrene on intestinal cells of Eisenia fetida: effects, toxicity pathways and corresponding mechanisms","volume":"904","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2004.09.004","article-title":"P\/o ratios of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"1706","author":"Hinkle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.1021\/es0340578","article-title":"Elucidating the routes of exposure for organic chemicals in the earthworm,eisenia andrei(oligochaeta)","volume":"37","author":"Jager","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6894","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12106894","article-title":"Metal-induced oxidative stress and plant mitochondria","volume":"12","author":"Keunen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.3005","article-title":"Redox activity within the lysosomal compartment: implications for aging and apoptosis","volume":"13","author":"Kurz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signaling"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.04.044","article-title":"1H NMR-based metabolomics of time-dependent responses of Eisenia fetida to sub-lethal phenanthrene exposure","volume":"159","author":"Lankadurai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2012.07.057","article-title":"On the thermodynamic efficiency of Ca2+-ATPase molecular machines","volume":"103","author":"Lervik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14555","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c06642","article-title":"A user-friendly kinetic model incorporating regression models for estimating pesticide accumulation in diverse earthworm species across varied soils","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-015-9706-z","article-title":"Determination of biomarkers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) toxicity to earthworm (Eisenia fetida)","volume":"37","author":"Nam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2655","article-title":"Fipronil and imidacloprid reduce honeybee mitochondrial activity","volume":"33","author":"Nicodemo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toy060","article-title":"Pyraclostrobin impairs energetic mitochondrial metabolism and productive performance of silkworm (Lepidoptera: bombycidae) caterpillars","volume":"111","author":"Nicodemo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101674","article-title":"Mitochondrial electron transport chain: oxidative phosphorylation, oxidant production, and methods of measurement","volume":"37","author":"Nolfi-Donegan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972.7531.2009.160109","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air and their neurotoxic potency in association with oxidative stress: a brief perspective","volume":"16","author":"Patri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/land14010010","article-title":"Bioremediation of soil contamination with polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons-A review","volume":"14","author":"Rus\u0103nescu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Land"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6489","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-019-02414-3","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: soil pollution and remediation","volume":"16","author":"Sakshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(02)01943-1","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: environmental pollution and bioremediation","volume":"20","author":"Samanta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.01.079","article-title":"Adsorption of phenanthrene by earthworms -- a pathway for understanding the fate of hydrophobic organic contaminants in soil-earthworm systems","volume":"212","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110359","article-title":"Effect of phenanthrene on the biological characteristics of earthworm casts and their relationships with digestive and anti-oxidative systems","volume":"193","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9426","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c13830","article-title":"Tire rubber antioxidant 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone disrupt the energy supply and lipid metabolism of earthworms","volume":"59","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10638-0_2","article-title":"Source characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by using their molecular indices: an overview of possibilities","author":"Stogiannidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34821-5","article-title":"H2O2 selectively damages the binuclear iron-sulfur cluster N1b of respiratory complex i","volume":"13","author":"Strotmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117936","article-title":"Probing the biological toxicity of pyrene to the earthworm Eisenia fetida and the toxicity pathways of oxidative damage: a systematic study at the animal and molecular levels","volume":"289","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c10623","article-title":"Surface defects regulate the in vivo bioenergetic response of earthworm Eisenia fetida coelomocytes to molybdenum disulfide nanosheets","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(02)00245-6","article-title":"Oral sealing using glue: a new method to distinguish between intestinal and dermal uptake of metals in earthworms","volume":"35","author":"Vijver","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c07497","article-title":"Influence of soil moisture on bioaccumulation, growth, and recruitment offolsomia candidaexposed to phenanthrene-polluted soil","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-026-03132-6","article-title":"Primary entry route of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into earthworms in contaminated soil: oral ingestion or dermal absorption?","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.12.082","article-title":"Effects of phenanthrene on the mortality, growth, and anti-oxidant system of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) under laboratory conditions","volume":"83","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.05.062","article-title":"Evaluation of phenanthrene toxicity on earthworm (Eisenia fetida): an ecotoxicoproteomics approach","volume":"93","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-023-01408-x","article-title":"Benzo[a]pyrene stress impacts adaptive strategies and ecological functions of earthworm intestinal viromes","volume":"17","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.3c00914","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA damage in earthworms: a hazard associated with sublethal systemic pesticide exposures","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118472","article-title":"Microplastics lag the leaching of phenanthrene in soil and reduce its bioavailability to wheat","volume":"292","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1039\/D5EM00664C","article-title":"Ecological safety thresholds for phenanthrene in Chinese soils: implications for assessing ecological risks to vegetation and for land use","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126015812?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126015812?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T20:00:54Z","timestamp":1793217654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749126015812"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S0269749126015812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dermal absorption drives phenanthrene lethality in Eisenia fetida: A multi-scale mechanistic framework linking mitochondrial uncoupling to organismal toxicity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129211","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"129211"}}