{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T08:49:42Z","timestamp":1791449382160,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:31:02Z","timestamp":1790922662000},"page":"129258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["A multi-sensor satellite assessment of air quality during the 2026 Middle East Conflict across nine regional countries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"411","author":[{"given":"Qassim","family":"Nassir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8680-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salima","family":"Aissaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3001-0077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manar","family":"Abu Talib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6683-2075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Semerjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2025.103044","article-title":"Air pollution in Gaza during the post-october 7 era: a satellite and machine learning assessment","volume":"94","author":"Abulibdeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.12.021","article-title":"Changes in aerosol optical properties due to dust storms in the Middle East and Southwest Asia","volume":"143","author":"Alam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rem. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib3","article-title":"Post-war air quality index in Mosul city, Iraq: does war still have an impact on air quality today?","volume":"135","author":"Altahaan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000847","article-title":"Long-term concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"29","author":"Atkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib5","series-title":"CHOKEPOINT AS WEAPON: Iran's Strait of Hormuz Blockade Strategy in the February\u2013March 2026 War","author":"Baig","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4687","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-4687-2017","article-title":"OMI air-quality monitoring over the Middle East","volume":"17","author":"Barkley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL087978","article-title":"Impact of coronavirus outbreak on NO2 pollution assessed using TROPOMI and OMI observations","volume":"47","author":"Bauwens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1207824","article-title":"Megacity emissions and lifetimes of nitrogen oxides probed from space","volume":"333","author":"Beirle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005088415848","article-title":"Kuwaiti oil fires, by T. Husain","volume":"101","author":"Benarie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1002\/2018GL077045","article-title":"Measuring carbon monoxide with TROPOMI: first results and a comparison with ECMWF-IFS analysis data","volume":"45","author":"Borsdorff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803222115","article-title":"Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter","volume":"115","author":"Burnett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020719","article-title":"Fire at Iraqi sulfur plant emits SO2 clouds detected by Earth probe TOMS","volume":"31","author":"Carn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib14","first-page":"1","article-title":"SO2 emissions and lifetimes derived from TROPOMI observations over India using a flux-divergence method","volume":"2024","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"EGUsphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03594-x","article-title":"The silent battle to address the health crisis of conflict-induced air pollution","volume":"31","author":"Cloete","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2023.120114","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variations of aerosol optical depth over Ukraine under the Russia-Ukraine war","volume":"314","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83185-x","article-title":"Assessment of meteorological factors and air pollution impact on cardiovascular mortality using random forest analysis 2017 to 2020","volume":"14","author":"Dowlatabadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/su17146581","article-title":"A multi-faceted approach to air quality: visibility prediction and public health risk assessment using machine learning and dust monitoring data","volume":"17","author":"Dronjak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-026-02042-0","article-title":"War and air pollution: a scoping review of evidence, mechanisms, and knowledge gaps","volume":"19","author":"Elbayoumi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-15-75-2023","article-title":"Version 2 of the global catalogue of large anthropogenic and volcanic SO2 sources and emissions derived from satellite measurements","volume":"15","author":"Fioletov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5591","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-5591-2020","article-title":"Anthropogenic and volcanic point source SO2 emissions derived from TROPOMI on board Sentinel-5 precursor: first results","volume":"20","author":"Fioletov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x","article-title":"The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics","volume":"24","author":"Getis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","article-title":"Google Earth engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone","volume":"202","author":"Gorelick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rem. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6223","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-6223-2018","article-title":"Random forest meteorological normalisation models for Swiss PM10 trend analysis","volume":"18","author":"Grange","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7929","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-7929-2021","article-title":"Biomass burning nitrogen dioxide emissions derived from space with TROPOMI: methodology and validation","volume":"14","author":"Griffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7879","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c01764","article-title":"Global estimates and long-term trends of fine particulate matter concentrations (1998\u20132018)","volume":"54","author":"Hammer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 global reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib26","series-title":"GADM Database of Global Administrative Areas","author":"Hijmans","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-43","article-title":"Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio- respiratory mortality: a review","volume":"12","author":"Hoek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biodatasci-110920-093120","article-title":"Satellite monitoring for air quality and health","volume":"4","author":"Holloway","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Data Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-5423-2016","article-title":"The operational methane retrieval algorithm for TROPOMI","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-3515-2019","article-title":"The CAMS reanalysis of atmospheric composition","volume":"19","author":"Inness","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500498","article-title":"Abrupt recent trend changes in atmospheric nitrogen dioxide over the Middle East","volume":"1","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5699","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-5699-2018","article-title":"The Ozone Monitoring Instrument: overview of 14 years in space","volume":"18","author":"Levelt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1547784","article-title":"The impacts of war on health, human rights, and the environment\u2014an overview","volume":"13","author":"Levy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4028\/b-4W7Te2","article-title":"Abrupt decline in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China after the outbreak of COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70487-X","article-title":"The carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution","volume":"14","author":"Loomis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14187","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-25-14187-2025","article-title":"Inversion-based assessment of anthropogenic NOx emission changes in Ukraine during the 2022\u20132023 war using TROPOMI satellite data","volume":"25","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib39","article-title":"No one knows which city has the highest concentration of fine particulate matter","volume":"3","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ. X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib40","series-title":"The Gulf War Aftermath: an Environmental Tragedy","author":"McCain","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-011-0146-3","article-title":"Ambient particulate air pollution and acute lower respiratory infections: a systematic review and implications for estimating the global burden of disease","volume":"6","author":"Mehta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1065\/espr2000.02.016","article-title":"The war in Kosovo","volume":"7","author":"Melas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2014.08.025","article-title":"Numerical study of the effects of local atmospheric circulations on a pollution event over Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei, China","volume":"30","author":"Miao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib44","article-title":"Integrating InSAR coherence and air pollution detection satellites to study the impact of war on air quality","volume":"142","author":"Mohamadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib45","first-page":"195","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Saudi Arabia using remote sensing data","volume":"19","author":"Munir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Space. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos16040463","article-title":"Variability and trends of PM2.5 across different climatic zones in Saudi Arabia: a spatiotemporal analysis","volume":"16","author":"Munir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib48","series-title":"Respiratory Health Effects of Airborne Hazards Exposures in the Southwest Asia Theater of Military Operations","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6028","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50346","article-title":"Trajectory analysis of Saudi Arabian dust storms","volume":"118","author":"Notaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x","article-title":"Local spatial autocorrelation statistics: distributional issues and an application","volume":"27","author":"Ord","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00514-6","article-title":"Severe atmospheric pollution in the Middle East is attributable to anthropogenic sources","volume":"3","author":"Osipov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11119","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-11119-2020","article-title":"Meteorology-normalized impact of the COVID-19 lockdown upon NO2 pollution in Spain","volume":"20","author":"Petetin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib53","series-title":"Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications","author":"Platt","year":"2008"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132","article-title":"Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution","volume":"287","author":"Pope","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157932","article-title":"Environmental damages due to war in Ukraine: a perspective","volume":"850","author":"Rawtani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12030177","article-title":"Downscaling MERRA-2 reanalysis PM2.5 series over the Arabian Gulf by inverse distance weighting, bicubic spline smoothing, and spatio-temporal kriging","volume":"12","author":"Saliba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib59","first-page":"291","article-title":"Carbon monoxide as an indicator of indoor air quality","volume":"4","author":"Salthammer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. J. Integr. Environ. Res.: Atmospheres"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-1561-2020","article-title":"The global methane budget 2000\u20132017","volume":"12","author":"Saunois","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2023.101912","article-title":"Remotely visible impacts on air quality after a year-round full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine","volume":"14","author":"Savenets","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-10157-2018","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between surface PM2.5 and meteorology in Northern India","volume":"18","author":"Schnell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.12.008","article-title":"The new VIIRS 375m active fire detection data product: algorithm description and initial assessment","volume":"143","author":"Schroeder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rem. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-173557","article-title":"Long term cancer risk of U.S. service members exposed to burn pits during military deployment to Iraq from 2006-2008: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"142","author":"Sgrignoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.4","article-title":"WorldPop, open data for spatial demography","volume":"4","author":"Tatem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-119-2017","article-title":"Sulfur dioxide retrievals from TROPOMI onboard Sentinel-5 precursor: algorithm theoretical basis","volume":"10","author":"Theys","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib69","first-page":"460","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution and cancer: an overview of the current evidence and public health recommendations","volume":"70","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib88","series-title":"Population Division, 2024. World Population Prospects 2024, Online","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15287","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c05309","article-title":"Monthly global estimates of fine particulate matter and their uncertainty","volume":"55","author":"van Donkelaar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-1315-2020","article-title":"S5P TROPOMI NO2 slant column retrieval: method, stability, uncertainties and comparisons with OMI","volume":"13","author":"van Geffen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.09.027","article-title":"TROPOMI on the ESA Sentinel-5 precursor: a GMES mission for global observations of the atmospheric composition for climate, air quality and ozone layer applications","volume":"120","author":"Veefkind","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rem. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18984","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006853117","article-title":"COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines","volume":"117","author":"Venter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-481-2021","article-title":"Ground-based validation of the copernicus Sentinel-5P TROPOMI NO2 measurements with the NDACC ZSL-DOAS, MAX-DOAS and Pandonia global networks","volume":"14","author":"Verhoelst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00530-6","article-title":"Regional air pollution caused by a simultaneous destruction of major industrial sources in a war zone. The case of April Serbia in 1999","volume":"35","author":"Vukmirovi\u0107","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib76","article-title":"Air pollution patterns mapping of SO2, NO2, and CO derived from TROPOMI over central-east Europe","volume":"1565","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib77","series-title":"International Geophysics","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385022-5.00001-4","article-title":"Chapter 1 - introduction","author":"Wilks","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib78","series-title":"Review of Evidence on Health Aspects of Air Pollution \u2013 REVIHAAP Project: Technical Report","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2025.102422","article-title":"Long-term trends in OMI-retrieved NO2 and SO2 concentrations over the Arabian Peninsula","volume":"61","author":"Yarragunta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161759","article-title":"Satellite spectroscopy reveals the atmospheric consequences of the 2022 Russia-Ukraine war","volume":"869","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib13","series-title":"The regional reverberations of the U.S. and Israeli strikes on Iran","author":"Yacoubian","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib56","article-title":"Israel shuts schools, bans gatherings as Iran launches retaliatory missiles","author":"Cornwell","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reuters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258_bib57","series-title":"Appropriate Statistics for Ordinal Level Data: Should we Really be Using t-test and Cohen\u2019s D for Evaluating Group Differences on the NSSE and Other Surveys?","author":"Romano","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Environmental Pollution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126016283?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0269749126016283?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T07:53:02Z","timestamp":1791445982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0269749126016283"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["S0269749126016283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-7491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-7491","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A multi-sensor satellite assessment of air quality during the 2026 Middle East Conflict across nine regional countries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Pollution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.129258","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"129258"}}