{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T21:12:11Z","timestamp":1774732331691,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]],"date-time":"2008-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1225497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,28]],"date-time":"2008-08-28T08:35:34Z","timestamp":1219912534000},"page":"315-319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Relationship between lead exposure, cognitive function, and drug addiction: Pilot study and research agenda"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Diana H.","family":"Fishbein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin P.","family":"Ricketts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Semba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199902000-00016","article-title":"Association between hyperactivity and executive cognitive functioning in childhood and substance use in early adolescence","volume":"38","author":"Aytaclar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)00756-8","article-title":"Uptake of lead and iron by divalent metal transporter 1 in yeast and mammalian cells","volume":"295","author":"Bannon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(88)90007-4","article-title":"Alteration of opioid peptide and receptor ontogeny in the brain of pre- and postnatally low-level lead-exposed rats","volume":"10","author":"Baraldi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(93)90147-R","article-title":"Investigations of the functional anatomy of attention using the stroop test","volume":"31","author":"Bench","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000266628.43760.8c","article-title":"Impact of cognitive reserve on the relationship of lead exposure and neurobehavioral performance","volume":"69","author":"Bleecker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1999.10471732","article-title":"Neurocognitive dysfunction in dually-diagnosed patients: a potential roadblock to motivating behavior change","volume":"31","author":"Blume","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520040039038","article-title":"Blood lead levels in the US population. Phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988 to 1991)","volume":"272","author":"Brody","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib7","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1991. Preventing lead poisoning in young children. US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib8","series-title":"Advances in X-ray Analysis","first-page":"563","article-title":"In vivo X-ray fluorescence of lead and other toxic trace elements","author":"Chettle","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.35.040195.002135","article-title":"Relationships between lead-induced learning impairments and changes in dopaminergic, cholinergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmitter system functions","volume":"35","author":"Cory-Slechta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(01)00184-2","article-title":"Early exposure to lead and juvenile delinquency","volume":"23","author":"Dietrich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00124-5","article-title":"The inner city and drug use: initial findings from an epidemiological study","volume":"48","author":"Ensminger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib12","first-page":"631","article-title":"In vivo measurements of lead in bone at four anatomical sites: long term occupational and consequent endogenous exposure","volume":"49","author":"Erkkil\u00e4","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2004.12.010","article-title":"Risky decision making and the anterior cingulate in abstinent drug addicts and nondrug users","volume":"23","author":"Fishbein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.02.015","article-title":"Neurocognitive characterizations of Russian heroin addicts without a significant history of other drug use","volume":"90","author":"Fishbein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/0969-8043(94)90173-2","article-title":"In vivo measurements of bone lead content in residents of southern Ontario","volume":"45","author":"Gamblin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isotopes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1993.9940813","article-title":"In vivo measurements of lead in bone in long-term exposed lead smelter workers","volume":"48","author":"Gerhardsson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1996.57.352","article-title":"Executive cognitive functioning and aggressive behavior in preadolescent boys at high risk for substance abuse\/dependence","volume":"57","author":"Giancola","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1998.59.560","article-title":"Disruptive, delinquent and aggressive behavior in female adolescents with a psychoactive substance use disorder: relation to executive cognitive functioning","volume":"59","author":"Giancola","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00130-2","article-title":"Overview of 5-year followup outcomes in the drug abuse treatment outcome studies (DATOS)","volume":"25","author":"Hubbard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510270043037","article-title":"Factors influencing bone lead concentration in a suburban community assessed by noninvasive K X-ray fluorescence","volume":"271","author":"Kosnett","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.03.017","article-title":"Interactions between iron deficiency and lead poisoning: epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"330","author":"Kwong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00405790","article-title":"The relationship between blood-lead concentrations, intelligence, attainment and behaviour in a school population: the second London study","volume":"57","author":"Lansdown","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.12.4.549","article-title":"Dependence and independence in responding to double stimulation: a comparison of stop, change and dual-task paradigms","volume":"12","author":"Logan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib24","series-title":"Higher Cortical Functions in Man","author":"Luria","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(92)90062-S","article-title":"The fifth edition of the addiction severity index","volume":"9","author":"McLellan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10033","article-title":"Environmental factors associated with a spectrum of neurodevelopmental deficits","volume":"8","author":"Mendola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190403","article-title":"Frontal cortex and behavior","volume":"19","author":"Mesulam","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(00)00303-8","article-title":"Perinatal exposure to lead attenuates the conditioned reinforcing properties of cocaine in male rats","volume":"67","author":"Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(97)00067-X","article-title":"Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance brain spectroscopy of children at risk for a substance use disorder: preliminary results","volume":"76","author":"Moss","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(96)01237-9","article-title":"Chronic lead exposure attenuates sensitization to the locomotor-stimulating effects of cocaine","volume":"41","author":"Nation","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.10.009","article-title":"Early developmental lead exposure increases sensitivity to cocaine in a self-administration paradigm","volume":"77","author":"Nation","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9785","article-title":"Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease\u2014a systematic review","volume":"115","author":"Navas-Acien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199001113220203","article-title":"The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood: an 11-year follow-up report","volume":"322","author":"Needleman","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530290033034","article-title":"Bone lead levels and delinquent behavior","volume":"275","author":"Needleman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(02)00269-6","article-title":"Bone lead levels in adjudicated delinquents. A case control study","volume":"24","author":"Needleman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.1.256","article-title":"The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in the stroop attentional conflict paradigm","volume":"87","author":"Pardo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108467","article-title":"Kinetic analysis of lead metabolism in healthy humans","volume":"58","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1742-1","article-title":"Self-administration of heroin in rats: effects of low-level lead exposure during gestation and lactation","volume":"174","author":"Rocha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00091-8","article-title":"Dissociable deficits in the decision-making cognition of chronic amphetamine abusers, opiate abusers, patients with focal damage to prefrontal cortex, and tryptophan-depleted normal volunteers: evidence for monoaminergic mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Rogers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9029","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-20-09029.1999","article-title":"Choosing between small, likely rewards and large, unlikely rewards activates inferior and orbital prefrontal cortex","volume":"20","author":"Rogers","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8043(96)00223-0","article-title":"Further experience with bone lead content measurements in residents of southern Ontario","volume":"48","author":"Roy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isotopes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.2.138","article-title":"Neuropsychological analyses of impulsiveness in childhood hyperactivity","volume":"179","author":"Rubia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200202010-00005","article-title":"High prevalence of iron deficiency and anemia among female injection drug users with and without HIV infection","volume":"29","author":"Semba","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9786","article-title":"Cumulative lead dose and cognitive function in adults: a review of studies that measured both blood lead and bone lead","volume":"115","author":"Shih","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib47","first-page":"174","article-title":"In vivo tibia lead measurements as an index of cumulative exposure in occupationally exposed subjects","volume":"45","author":"Somervaille","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib48","series-title":"The Frontal Lobes","author":"Stuss","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(95)01129-M","article-title":"Cognitive capacity in female adolescent substance abusers","volume":"39","author":"Tarter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.076166","article-title":"Postnatal inorganic lead exposure reduces midbrain dopaminergic impulse flow and decreases dopamine D1 receptor sensitivity in nucleus accumbens neurons","volume":"312","author":"Tavakoli-Nezhad","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/45\/1\/316","article-title":"Contamination of in vivo bone-lead measurements","volume":"45","author":"Todd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/48\/13\/314","article-title":"Calculating the uncertainty in lead concentration for in vivo bone lead X-ray fluorescence","volume":"48","author":"Todd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib53","series-title":"Human Body Composition Studies","first-page":"299","article-title":"In vivo measurements of lead in bone using a 109Cd \u201cspot\u201d source","author":"Todd","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/4\/309","article-title":"Measurements of lead in human tibiae. A comparison between K-shell X-ray fluorescence and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry","volume":"47","author":"Todd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(03)00088-1","article-title":"Morphine conditioned place preference is attenuated by perinatal lead exposure","volume":"75","author":"Valles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199709000-00009","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with parental alcohol use","volume":"36","author":"Weinberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000118077","article-title":"Neuropsychological effects of lead in children: interactions with social background variables","volume":"11","author":"Winneke","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935108001576?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935108001576?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T17:04:28Z","timestamp":1557767068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935108001576"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0013935108001576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}}}