{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T14:49:11Z","timestamp":1772808551221,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001810","name":"Cyprus Research Promotion Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AEIFORIA\/ASTI\/0311(BIE)\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AEIFORIA\/ASTI\/0311(BIE)\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001810","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T12:00:52Z","timestamp":1413288052000},"page":"289-295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Spatial and seasonal variability of urinary trihalomethanes concentrations in urban settings"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Xanthi D.","family":"Andrianou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pantelis","family":"Charisiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syam S.","family":"Andra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos C.","family":"Makris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(02)00022-4","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of bromodichloromethane metabolism by recombinant rat and human cytochrome P450s","volume":"140","author":"Allis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib50","first-page":"169","volume":"Vol. 12","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10049","article-title":"Exogenous and endogenous determinants of blood trihalomethane levels after showering","volume":"116","author":"Backer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., Walker, S., 2014. lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00890-7","article-title":"Partition coefficients for the trihalomethanes among blood, urine, water, milk and air","volume":"284","author":"Batterman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib5","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Environmental Health","first-page":"100","article-title":"Human exposure assessment for DBPs: factors influencing blood trihalomethane levels","author":"Blount","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2165\/11599410-000000000-00000","article-title":"Impact of obesity on drug metabolism and elimination in adults and children","volume":"51","author":"Brill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-011-9229-8","article-title":"Predicting chlorine decay and THM formation in water supply systems","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1995.9955013","article-title":"Trihalomethane concentrations in swimmers' and bath attendants' blood and urine after swimming or working in indoor swimming pools","volume":"50","author":"Cammann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health Int. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4793","DOI":"10.1021\/es070084c","article-title":"Assessment of exposure of workers and swimmers to trihalomethanes in an indoor swimming pool","volume":"41","author":"Caro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-10-18","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water in Spain","volume":"10","author":"Casta\u00f1o-Vinyals","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1021\/es404220z","article-title":"Household cleaning activities as non-ingestion exposure determinants of urinary trihalomethanes","volume":"48","author":"Charisiadis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2013.11.060","article-title":"A sensitive and fast method for trihalomethanes in urine using gas chromatography\u2013triple quadrupole mass spectrometry","volume":"947\u2013948","author":"Charisiadis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.04.006","article-title":"Models for predicting disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in drinking waters: a chronological review","volume":"407","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1999.8756","article-title":"Metabolism of chloroform by cytochrome P450 2E1 is required for induction of toxicity in the liver, kidney, and nose of male mice","volume":"160","author":"Constan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-513","article-title":"Urbanisation, urbanicity, and health: a systematic review of the reliability and validity of urbanicity scales","volume":"13","author":"Cyril","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib17","unstructured":"EU Council, 1998. Council Directive 98\/83\/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.07.032","article-title":"Spatial variation of disinfection by-product concentrations: exposure assessment implications","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib19","unstructured":"Gamer, M., Lemon, J., Fellows, I., Singh, P., 2012. irr: Various Coefficients of Interrater Reliability and Agreement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.31.3.266","article-title":"Metabolism of chloroform in the human liver and identification of the competent P450s","volume":"31","author":"Gemma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8171","article-title":"Changes in breath trihalomethane levels resulting from household water-use activities","volume":"114","author":"Gordon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390600631789","article-title":"Development of physiologically based toxicokinetic models for improving the human indoor exposure assessment to water contaminants: trichloroethylene and trihalomethanes","volume":"69","author":"Haddad","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib23","author":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2013.04.003","article-title":"Small-area health comparisons using health-adjusted life expectancies: a Bayesian random-effects approach","volume":"23","author":"Jonker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P.B., Christensen, R.H.B., 2014. lmerTest: tests for random and fixed effects for linear mixed effect models (lmer objects of lme4 package).","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.lmerTest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm190","article-title":"Disposition of bromodichloromethane in humans following oral and dermal exposure","volume":"99","author":"Leavens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-012-0082-y","article-title":"Seasonal variation of disinfection by-products in drinking water in Central Chile","volume":"5","author":"Loyola-Sepulveda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Qual. Expo. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.08.012","article-title":"Limited representation of drinking-water contaminants in pregnancy\u2013birth cohorts","volume":"468\u2013469","author":"Makris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib28","first-page":"0","article-title":"Pipe scales and biofilms in drinking-water distribution systems: undermining finished water quality","author":"Makris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.056150","article-title":"Exposure to brominated trihalomethanes in drinking water and reproductive outcomes","volume":"68","author":"Patelarou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mef009","article-title":"Application of mixed-effects models for exposure assessment","volume":"46","author":"Peretz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.2.111","article-title":"Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: a critical review","volume":"55","author":"Pickett","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2013.0480","article-title":"Variability of tap water residual chlorine and microbial counts at spatially resolved points of use","author":"Pieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib33","unstructured":"Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D., 2014. nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00586-1","article-title":"Relationship between volatile organohalogen compounds in drinking water and human urine in Poland","volume":"53","author":"Polkowska","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.05.036","article-title":"Volatile organohalogen compounds in human urine: the effect of environmental exposure","volume":"62","author":"Polkowska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib36","series-title":",","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R. Core Team","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2007.09.001","article-title":"Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: a review and roadmap for research","volume":"636","author":"Richardson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306499","article-title":"Predictors of blood trihalomethane concentrations in NHANES 1999\u20132006","author":"Riederer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104347","article-title":"Comparison of trihalomethanes in tap water and blood: a case study in the United States","volume":"120","author":"Rivera-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.80","article-title":"The influence of physicochemical properties on the internal dose of trihalomethanes in humans following a controlled showering exposure","volume":"23","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.08.045","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation in trihalomethanes in New South Wales","volume":"45","author":"Summerhayes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000121380.02594.fc","article-title":"Disinfection byproducts and bladder cancer: a pooled analysis","volume":"15","author":"Villanueva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.11.001","article-title":"Sources of variability in levels and exposure to trihalomethanes","volume":"103","author":"Villanueva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206229","article-title":"Assessing exposure and health consequences of chemicals in drinking water: current state of knowledge and research needs","volume":"122","author":"Villanueva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-014-0556-8","article-title":"Explanatory models concerning the effects of small-area characteristics on individual health","volume":"59","author":"Voigtl\u00e4nder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11566","DOI":"10.1021\/es303212a","article-title":"Effect of disinfectant, water age, and pipe material on occurrence and persistence of Legionella, mycobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two amoebas","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11361","DOI":"10.1021\/es301905n","article-title":"Influence of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances on the formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection byproducts","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5963","article-title":"The relationship between water concentrations and individual uptake of chloroform: a simulation study","volume":"111","author":"Whitaker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3898","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2014.887490","article-title":"Occurrence of volatile organic chlorination by-products in water distribution system in Krakow (Poland)","volume":"52","author":"W\u0142odyka-Bergier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935114003247?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935114003247?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T04:05:22Z","timestamp":1746417922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935114003247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0013935114003247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Spatial and seasonal variability of urinary trihalomethanes concentrations in urban settings","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}