{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T03:46:37Z","timestamp":1772855197529,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,5]],"date-time":"2016-03-05T00:04:12Z","timestamp":1457136252000},"page":"373-382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Spatial associations between socioeconomic groups and NO2 air pollution exposure within three large Canadian cities"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Pinault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Crouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Jerrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Brauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Tjepkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0064.2012.00438.x","article-title":"Are new patterns of low-income distribution emerging in Canadian metropolitan areas?","volume":"56","author":"Ades","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib2","unstructured":"Anselin L., 2005. Exploring spatial data with GeoDa: A workbook. Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science. Retrieved Nov 23, 2014, from: \u3008http:\/\/www.csiss.org\/\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0064.2002.tb00741.x","article-title":"Residential segregation of visible minorities in Canada\u2019s gateway cities","volume":"46","author":"Bauder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.09.042","article-title":"Correlation of nitrogen dioxide with other traffic pollutants near a major expressway","volume":"42","author":"Beckerman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1080\/00420989320081271","article-title":"Close together and Worlds apart: an analysis of changes in the ecology of income in Canadian cities","volume":"30","author":"Bourne","year":"1993","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01818.x","article-title":"Toward environmental justice: spatial equity in Ohio and Cleveland","volume":"85","author":"Bowen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0064.1992.tb01131.x","article-title":"Differences in inner-city deprivation: an analysis of seven Canadian cities","volume":"36","author":"Broadway","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8306.9303003","article-title":"Spatiotemporal perspectives on air pollution and environmental justice in Hamilton, Canada, 1985\u20131996","volume":"93","author":"Buzzelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1068\/a36151","article-title":"Racial gradients of ambient air pollution exposure in Hamilton, Canada","volume":"36","author":"Buzzelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0064.2006.00147.x","article-title":"Health hazards and socio-economic status: a neighbourhood cohort approach, Vancouver, 1976\u20132001","volume":"50","author":"Buzzelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2005.09.008","article-title":"Bourdieu does environmental justice? Probing the linkages between population health and air pollution epidemiology","volume":"13","author":"Buzzelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib12","first-page":"195","article-title":"Geographies of susceptibility and exposure in the city: environmental inequity of traffic-related air pollution in Toronto","volume":"30","author":"Buzzelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.055152","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and incident asthma in a High-risk birth cohort","volume":"68","author":"Carlsten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2014.05.001","article-title":"The application of three methods to measure the statistical associations between different social groups and the concentration of air pollutants in Montreal: a case of environmental equity","volume":"30","author":"Carrier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transport Res. D."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-48","article-title":"Nitrogen dioxide levels estimated from land use regression models several years apart and association with mortality in a large cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Cesaroni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318276c005","article-title":"Long-term exposures to traffic-related air pollution and cardiovascular mortality","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.1990.tb00004.x","article-title":"The local culture of property: a comparative history of housing tenure in Montreal and Toronto","volume":"80","author":"Choko","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib18","first-page":"85","article-title":"Urban physical environments and health inequalities","author":"CIHI (Canadian Institute for Health Information)","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Popul. Health Initiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900916","article-title":"Effect of early life exposure to air pollution on development of childhood asthma","volume":"118","author":"Clark","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Persp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(95)04990-8","article-title":"Environmental justice: the role of epidemiology in protecting unempowered communities from environmental hazards","volume":"184","author":"Coughlin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.07.010","article-title":"Double burden of deprivation and High concentrations of ambient air pollution at the neighbourhood scale in Montreal, Canada","volume":"69","author":"Crouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.06.040","article-title":"A prediction-based approach to modelling temporal and spatial variability of traffic-related air pollution in Montreal, Canada","volume":"43","author":"Crouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2014.89","article-title":"Within- and between-city contrasts in nitrogen dioxide and mortality in 10 Canadian cities; a subset of the Canadian census health and environment cohort (CanCHEC)","author":"Crouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133307083294","article-title":"The modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) in physical geography","volume":"31","author":"Dark","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.026203","article-title":"Environmental inequality and circulatory disease mortality gradients","volume":"59","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Commun. H"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799308901936","article-title":"GIS and spatial analytical problems","volume":"7","author":"Fotheringham","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181308.51440.75","article-title":"Childhood asthma and exposure to traffic and nitrogen dioxide","volume":"16","author":"Gauderman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x","article-title":"The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics","volume":"24","author":"Getis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-7379.2007.00074.x","article-title":"The homeownership hierarchies of Canada and the United States: the housing patterns of non-white immigrants of the past thirty years","volume":"41","author":"Haan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Migr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1992.10467018","article-title":"Synthesis of environmental evidence: nitrogen dioxide epidemiology studies","volume":"42","author":"Hasselblad","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib31","first-page":"35","article-title":"Immigration and the changing social geography of greater Vancouver","volume":"121","author":"Hiebert","year":"1999","journal-title":"B.C. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0064.2000.tb00691.x","article-title":"Immigration and the changing Canadian city","volume":"44","author":"Hiebert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.05.057","article-title":"A review of Land-use regression models to assess spatial variation of outdoor air pollution","volume":"42","author":"Hoek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-43","article-title":"Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio-respiratory mortality: a review","volume":"12","author":"Hoek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib35","first-page":"197","article-title":"Impact of fine particles in ambient air on lung Cancer","volume":"33","author":"Hoek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.08.005","article-title":"Neighbourhood socioeconomic status and individual lung Cancer risk: evaluating long-term exposure measures and mediating mechanisms","volume":"97","author":"Hystad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02447512","article-title":"The modifiable areal unit problem and implications for landscape ecology","volume":"11","author":"Jelinski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1068\/a33137","article-title":"A GIS-environmental justice analysis of particulate air pollution in Hamilton, Canada","volume":"33","author":"Jerrett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390600883018","article-title":"Modeling the intraurban variability of ambient traffic pollution in Toronto, Canada","volume":"70","author":"Jerrett","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/0042098002285","article-title":"Relations between deprivation and immigrant groups in large Canadian cities","volume":"37","author":"Ley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e235","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2012","article-title":"Coarse particulate matter and hospitalization for respiratory infections in children Younger than 15 years in Toronto: a case-crossover analysis","volume":"116","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2005.09.009","article-title":"Asthma and air pollution in the Bronx: methodological and data considerations in using GIS for environmental justice and health research","volume":"13","author":"Maantay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6334","article-title":"Health, wealth, and air pollution: advancing theory and models","volume":"111","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health Persp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib44","series-title":"A Million or so Correlation Coefficients: Three Experiments on the Modifiable areal Unit Problem","first-page":"127","author":"Openshaw","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10041378","article-title":"The contribution of neighbourhood material and social deprivation to survival: a 22-year follow-up of more than 500,000 Canadians","volume":"10","author":"Ross","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408700","article-title":"Perinatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution and development of atrophy in a Canadian birth cohort","volume":"123","author":"Sbihi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Persp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-007-9193-3","article-title":"Deprivation indices, population health and geography: an evaluation of the spatial effectiveness of indices at multiple scales","volume":"84","author":"Schuurman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urban Health: Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/29.5.862","article-title":"Effect of outdoor and indoor nitrogen dioxide on respiratory symptoms in schoolchildren","volume":"29","author":"Shima","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib49","unstructured":"Statistics Canada, 2010. Census Dictionary: 2006 Census Year. No. 92-566-X."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib50","unstructured":"Statistics Canada, 2011. Table 051-0056 \u2013 Estimates of population by census metropolitan area, sex and age group for July 1, based on the Standard Geographical Classification (SGC) 2011, annual (persons), CANSIM database."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-009-9269-6","article-title":"Transboundary air pollution and environmental justice: vancouver and Seattle compared","volume":"75","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geojournal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500292","article-title":"A time-series study of air pollution, socioeconomic status, and mortality in Vancouver, Canada","volume":"13","author":"Villeneuve","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0064.2006.00142.x","article-title":"Ghettos in Canada\u2019s cities? racial segregation, ethnic enclaves and poverty concentration in Canadian urban areas","volume":"50","author":"Walks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.09.056","article-title":"Temporal stability of Land use regression models for traffic-related air pollution","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033_bib55","unstructured":"Wilkins, R., Peters, P.A., 2012. PCCF+Version 5K*User\u2019s Guide. Automated geographic coding based on the Statistics Canada Postal Code Conversion Files including Postal Codes through May 2011. No. 82F0086-XDB."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935116300755?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935116300755?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]],"date-time":"2019-09-05T07:23:03Z","timestamp":1567668183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935116300755"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0013935116300755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Spatial associations between socioeconomic groups and NO2 air pollution exposure within three large Canadian cities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.033","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown copyright \u00a9 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}