{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:35:43Z","timestamp":1787060143604,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]],"date-time":"2016-03-31T20:08:03Z","timestamp":1459454883000},"page":"112-121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and the thyroid gland \u2013 examining and discussing possible longitudinal health effects in humans"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Petra M.","family":"Gaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Esser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schettgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Neulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Gube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed models in R","volume":"5","author":"Bates","year":"2005","journal-title":"R. News"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4639-00155","article-title":"German Environmental Survey 1998 (GerES III): environmental pollutants in blood of the German population","volume":"205","author":"Becker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Heal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.02.043","article-title":"Calculation of serum \u201ctotal lipid concentrations for the adjustment of persistent organohalogen toxicant measurements in human samples","volume":"68","author":"Bernert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60172a019","article-title":"Estrogenic activity of DDT analogs and polychlorinated biphenyls","volume":"18","author":"Bitman","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Agr. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.09.003","article-title":"Thyroid hormones are associated with exposure to persistent organic pollutants in aging residents of upper Hudson River communities","volume":"217","author":"Bloom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Envir. Heal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02128","article-title":"Environmental chemicals and thyroid function","volume":"154","author":"Boas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.1636","article-title":"Environmental exposures and autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"20","author":"Brent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-121-2-520","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and abnormalities in the kinetics of thyroid hormone metabolism in rats treated chronically with polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated biphenyl","volume":"121","author":"Byrne","year":"1987","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900633","article-title":"Thyroid Function and Plasma Concentrations of Polyhalogenated Cpmpunds in Inuit Adults","volume":"117","author":"Dallaire","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Persp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-84-1-117","article-title":"Influence of estrogen on the pituitary-thyroid system of the female rat: mechanisms and loci of action","volume":"84","author":"D\u2019Angelo","year":"1969","journal-title":"Enocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.08.003","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls and thyroid hormone serum concentrations among people living in a highly polluted area: a cross-sectional population-based study","volume":"108","author":"Donato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0896","article-title":"Environmental factors and autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"4","author":"Duntas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.01.007","article-title":"Residue profiles of organohalogen compounds in human serum from e-waste recycling sites in North Vietnam: association with thyroid hormone levels","volume":"137","author":"Eguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:113:3:223","article-title":"Gender-specific determinants of goiter","volume":"113","author":"Farahati","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib15","unstructured":"Faroon, O., Keith,\u00a0L.S.,\u00a0Smith-Simon C.\u00a0De Rosa, C.T. 2003. Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Human Health Aspects. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 55, Word Health Organization, Geneva"},{"issue":"29\u201330","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib16","first-page":"506","article-title":"Euthyroid goiter with and without nodules \u2013 diagnosis and treatment","volume":"109","author":"Fuehrer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.019","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and deiodinase activity in plasma and tissues in relation to high levels of organohalogen contaminants in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus)","volume":"136","author":"Gabrielsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2014.04.001","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence rates of mental syndromes after occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls","volume":"217","author":"Gaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Heal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00008","article-title":"Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research","volume":"10","author":"Greenland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200000213","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of persistent organochlorines in relation to thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in women","volume":"74","author":"Hagmar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occ. Environ. Heal."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/00039890109604065","article-title":"Plasma levels of persistent organohalogens and hormone levels in adult male humans","volume":"56","author":"Hagmar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503770867192","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls and thyroid status in humans: a review","volume":"13","author":"Hagmar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040000208","article-title":"Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on thyroid hormone and vitamin A levels in rats and mice","volume":"75","author":"Hallgren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106s1171","article-title":"Stepping Backward to Improve Assessment of PCB Congener Toxicities","volume":"106","author":"Hansen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Health Persp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.03.020","article-title":"Polychlironated biphenyls in domestic dust from Canada, New Zeeland, United Kingdom and United States: implication for human exposure","volume":"76","author":"Harrad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib25","series-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01867","article-title":"Smoking and hormones in health and endocrine disorders","volume":"152","author":"Kapoor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh225","article-title":"A possible mechanism for decrease in serum thyroxine level by polychlorinated biphenyls in Wistar and Gunn Rats","volume":"81","author":"Kato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502761016502","article-title":"Risk factors for goiter and thyroid nodules","volume":"12","author":"Knudsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib29","first-page":"3490","article-title":"Human exposure to PCBs and some other persistent organochlorines in eastern Slovakia as a consequence of former PCB production","volume":"66","author":"Kocan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Organ. Compd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2012.709377","article-title":"Surveillance program for former PCB-exposed workers of a transformer and capacitor recycling company, family members, empoyees of surrounding companies, and area residents \u2013 executive summary","volume":"75","author":"Kraus","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1390402","article-title":"Increased thyroid volume and prevalence of thyroid disorders in an area heavily polluted by polychlorinated biphenyls","volume":"139","author":"Langer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000058346.05741.b0","article-title":"Possible effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorinated pesticides on the thyroid after long-term exposure to heavy environmental pollution","volume":"45","author":"Langer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib33","first-page":"12","article-title":"Human thyroid in the population exposed to high environmental pollution by organochlorinated pollutants for several decades","volume":"39","author":"Langer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr. Regul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.05.132","article-title":"Fish from industrially polluted freshwater as the main source of organochlorinated pollutants and increased frequency of thyroid disorders and dysglycemia","volume":"67","author":"Langer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.04.039","article-title":"Thyroid ultrasound volume, structure and function after long-term high exposure of large population to polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides and dioxin","volume":"69","author":"Langer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.06.046","article-title":"Possible effects of persistent organochlorinated pollutants cocktail on thyroid hormone levels and pituitary-thyroid interrelations","volume":"70","author":"Langer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.18.1.211","article-title":"The human health effects of DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) and an overview of organochlorines in public health","volume":"18","author":"Longnecker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.94102290","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls as hormonally active structural analogues","volume":"102","author":"McKinney","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.11.007","article-title":"Serum PCBs, p,p\u2032-DDE and HCB predict thyroid hormone levels in men","volume":"104","author":"Meeker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(87)80226-8","article-title":"Thyroid function in \u201cYusho patients exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)","volume":"44","author":"Murai","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib41","first-page":"326","article-title":"Thyroid disruption: mechanisms and clinical implications in human health","volume":"14","author":"Patrick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Persky, V., Turyk, M., Anderson, H.A., Hanrahan, L.P., Falk, C., Steenport, D.N., Chatterton, R., Freels, S., the Great Lakes Consortium, 2001. The Effects of PCB Exposure and Fish Consumption on Endogenous Hormones. Environ. Health Persp. 109, 1275\u20131283.","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.011091275"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.02.002","article-title":"Serum PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in Slovakia: age, gender, and residence as determinants of organochlorine concentrations","volume":"65","author":"Petrik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib43","unstructured":"R Core Team,\u00a02015. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. (URL) http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/. ((last accessed 17.02.16)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.5.1069","article-title":"Relations between various measures of iodine intake and thyroid volume, thyroid nodularity, and serum thyroglobulin","volume":"76","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.6.1421","article-title":"Effects of changes in body weight on carbohydrate metabolism, catecholamine excretion, and thyroid function","volume":"71","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.02.012","article-title":"Associations between CB-153 and p, p\u2032-DDE and hormone levels in serum in middle-aged and elderly men","volume":"65","author":"Rylander","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.04.002","article-title":"Pilot study on the exposure of the German general population to non-dioxin-like and dioxin-like PCBs","volume":"214","author":"Schettgen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Heal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.06.005","article-title":"Biological monitoring of indoor-exposure to dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in a public building","volume":"213","author":"Schettgen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2012.674905","article-title":"Plasma polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) levels of workers in a transformer recycling company, their family members, and employees of surrounding companies","volume":"75","author":"Schettgen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Env. Health, Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2015.02.006","article-title":"Current data on the background burden to the persistentorganochlorine pollutants HCB, p,p-DDE as well as PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180 in plasma of the general population in Germany","volume":"218","author":"Schettgen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Heal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.11.018","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid function in older adults","volume":"75","author":"Shrestha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.01.009","article-title":"Associations of organochlorines with endogenous hormones in male Great Lakes fish consumers and nonconsumers","volume":"102","author":"Turyk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldr030","article-title":"The epidemiology of thyroid disease","volume":"99","author":"Vanderpump","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-09-0412","article-title":"Mechanisms behind the non-thyroidal illness syndrome: an update","volume":"205","author":"Warner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935116301025?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935116301025?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T00:51:32Z","timestamp":1567731092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935116301025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S0013935116301025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and the thyroid gland \u2013 examining and discussing possible longitudinal health effects in humans","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2016.03.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}