{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:19:28Z","timestamp":1792063168567,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T07:06:20Z","timestamp":1519715180000},"page":"149-157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":839,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Gadi","family":"Lissak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.04.015","article-title":"Effect of mobile telephones on sperm quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib2","first-page":"20","article-title":"Impact of computer technology on health: computer vision syndrome (CVS)","volume":"5","author":"Akinbinu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Pract. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib3","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics \u2013 Media and Young Minds, 2016. Retrieved on 10.9.17 from \u3008http:\/\/pediatrics.aappublications.org\/content\/early\/2016\/10\/19\/peds.2016-2591#ref-24\u3009."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018251","article-title":"Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, behavior in eastern and western countries: a meta-analytic review","volume":"136","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000160","article-title":"The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: a large-scale cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Andreassen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0497-8","article-title":"Sedentary behaviour and adiposity in youth: a systematic review of reviews and analysis of causality","volume":"14","author":"Biddle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2008.07.007","article-title":"Melatonin, sleep disturbance and cancer risk","volume":"13","author":"Blask","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep. Med. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib8","article-title":"Sleep habits and pattern in 1-14 years old children and relationship with video devices use and evening and night child activities","volume":"43","author":"Brambilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"375","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prefrontal control and Internet addiction: a theoretical model and review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings","volume":"8","author":"Brand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5282","article-title":"Technology use and sleep quality in preadolescence and adolescence","volume":"11","author":"Bruni","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-014-0636-9","article-title":"Supportive communication with parents moderates the negative effects of electronic media use on life satisfaction during adolescence","volume":"60","author":"Boniel-Nissim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pub. Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.02.006","article-title":"Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: a review","volume":"11","author":"Cain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00165.2011","article-title":"Evening exposure to a light-emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance","volume":"110","author":"Cajochen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00085.x","article-title":"Availability and night-time use of electronic entertainment and communication devices are associated with short sleep duration and obesity among Canadian children","volume":"8","author":"Chahal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.008680","article-title":"Video game playing increases food intake in adolescents: a randomized crossover study","volume":"93","author":"Chaput","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2014.11.001","article-title":"A television in the bedroom is associated with higher weekday screen time among youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD\/ADHD)","volume":"2","author":"Charmaine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2341","article-title":"Association between portable screen-based media device access or use and sleep outcomes","volume":"170","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib18","first-page":"e201625936","article-title":"Children and adolescents and digital media","volume":"138","author":"Chassiakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/1059840514556772","article-title":"Time spent on the internet and adolescent blood pressure","volume":"31","author":"Cassidy-Bushrow","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sch. Nurs."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-4","article-title":"The frequency of osteogenic activities and the pattern of intermittence between periods of physical activity and sedentary behaviour affects bone mineral content: the cross-sectional NHANES study","volume":"14","author":"Chastin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"46104","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Daily touchscreen use in infants and toddlers is associated with reduced sleep and delayed sleep onset","volume":"7","author":"Cheung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3244","article-title":"Violent television viewing during preschool is associated with antisocial behavior during school age","volume":"120","author":"Christakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.10.032","article-title":"Infant video viewing and salivary cortisol responses: a randomized experiment","volume":"162","author":"Christakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"284","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib24","first-page":"1854","article-title":"Pleasure junkies all around! Why it matters and why 'the arts' might be the answer: a biopsychological perspective","volume":"17","author":"Christensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4065\/77.1.45","article-title":"Autonomic tone as a cardiovascular risk factor: the dangers of chronic fight or flight","volume":"77","author":"Curtis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.11.175","article-title":"Incidence of high blood pressure in children\u2014effects of physical activity and sedentary behaviors: the IDEFICS study","volume":"180","author":"De Moraes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.01.020","article-title":"Residual symptoms and recurrence during maintenance treatment of late-life depression","volume":"103","author":"Dombrovski","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Affect. Dis."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.02.001","article-title":"Impaired inhibitory control in \u2018Internet addiction disorder\u2019: a functional magnetic resonance Imaging study","volume":"203","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2306","article-title":"Sleep duration, restfulness, and screens in the sleep environment","volume":"135","author":"Falbe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153515584979","article-title":"Self-luminous devices and melatonin suppression in adolescents","volume":"48","author":"Figueiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Light Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018","article-title":"Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia","volume":"114","author":"French","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3304","article-title":"Media use and child sleep: the impact of content, timing, and environment","volume":"128","author":"Garrison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-014-0144-z","article-title":"Hyperactivity and sensation seeking as autoregulatory attempts to stabilize brain arousal in ADHD and mania?","volume":"6","author":"Geissler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atten. Deficit Hyperact. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026969","article-title":"Video game playing, attention problems, and impulsiveness \u2013 evidence of bidirectional causality","volume":"1","author":"Gentile","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Pop. Media Cult."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26643","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026643","article-title":"Video game playing is independently associated with blood pressure and lipids in overweight and obese adolescents","volume":"6","author":"Goldfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000166","article-title":"Activity behaviors in schoolchildren and subsequent 5-yr change in blood pressure","volume":"46","author":"Gopinath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2011.40","article-title":"Relationship between a range of sedentary behaviors and blood pressure during early adolescence","volume":"26","author":"Gopinath","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.219451","article-title":"Influence of physical activity and screen time on the retinal microvasculature in young children","volume":"31","author":"Gopinath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815624758","article-title":"Effects of instant messaging on school performance in adolescents","volume":"31","author":"Grover","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncs255","article-title":"Pineal melatonin level disruption in humans due to electromagnetic fields and ICNIRP limits","volume":"154","author":"Halgamuge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.88","article-title":"Screen time and metabolic risk factors among adolescents","volume":"164","author":"Hardy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.3909","article-title":"Influence of adiposity, physical activity, fitness, and screen time on insulin dynamics over 2 years in children","volume":"170","author":"Henderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-017-0529-5","article-title":"Trait compassion is associated with the neural substrate of empathy","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-016-0201-2","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity of internet addiction abusers in negative and positive emotional states using film clips stimulation","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.2.201","article-title":"Longitudinal relations between children's exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent Behavior in young adulthood: 1977\u20131992","volume":"39","author":"Huesmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144640","article-title":"The role of media violence in violent behavior","volume":"27","author":"Huesmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006748","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006748","article-title":"Sleep and use of electronic devices in adolescence: results from a large population-based study","volume":"5","author":"Hysing","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000658","article-title":"Influence of near tasks on posture in myopic Chinese schoolchildren","volume":"92","author":"Jinhua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0181213","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181213","article-title":"Mind wandering during attention performance: effects of ADHD-inattention symptomatology, negative mood, ruminative response style and working memory capacity","volume":"12","author":"Jonkman","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e303","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2541","article-title":"The sensitivity of children to electromagnetic fields","volume":"116","author":"Kheifets","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-013-9461-2","article-title":"Sleep interference effects of pathological electronic media use during adolescence","volume":"12","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2014.12.001","article-title":"Young children's screen time: the complex role of parent and child factors","volume":"36","author":"Lauricella","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Dev. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.014373","article-title":"Effects of the exposure to mobile phones on male reproduction: a review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"La Vignera","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-010-9558-x","article-title":"The effects of pathological gaming on aggressive behavior","volume":"40","author":"Lemmens","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-014-0176-x","article-title":"Adolescents' electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age","volume":"44","author":"Lemola","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30253","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030253","article-title":"Abnormal white matter integrity in adolescents with internet addiction disorder: a tract-based spatial statistics study","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0b013e3182a477d5","article-title":"Effects of internet addiction on heart rate variability in school-aged children","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095084","article-title":"Dose-response association of screen time-based sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents and depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106698","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106698","article-title":"Higher media multi-tasking activity is associated with smaller gray-matter density in the anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"9","author":"Loh","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3390\/bs5030388","article-title":"Neuroscience of Internet pornography addiction: a review and update","volume":"5","author":"Love","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.03.008","article-title":"The pattern of electronic game use and related bodily discomfort in Hong Kong primary school children","volume":"57","author":"Lui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.4183","article-title":"Bidirectional relationships between sleep duration and screen time in early childhood","volume":"168","author":"Magee","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.01.029","article-title":"Screen time is associated with depression and anxiety in Canadian youth","volume":"73","author":"Maras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.90","article-title":"Associations between sedentary behavior and blood pressure in young children","volume":"163","author":"Martinez-Gomez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-274","article-title":"Excessive TV viewing and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents. The AVENA cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Martinez-Gomez","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2010.0260","article-title":"Problematic video game use: estimated prevalence and associations with mental and physical health","volume":"14","author":"Mentzoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cyber. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2015.06.005","article-title":"The U-shaped relationship between exercise and cardiac morbidity","volume":"26","author":"Merghani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib68","first-page":"1","article-title":"Associations between childhood overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity and obesogenic behaviors and practices in Australian homes","volume":"18","author":"Mihrshahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.10.005","article-title":"Facebook behaviors associated with diurnal cortisol in adolescents: is befriending stressful?","volume":"63","author":"Morin-Major","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib70","first-page":"10","article-title":"Problematic Internet use and cyber bullying in vocational school students","volume":"7","author":"Nartg\u00fcn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Online J. Educ. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2014.915197","article-title":"Television exposure, sleep time, and neuropsychological function among preschoolers","volume":"17","author":"Nathanson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Media Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib72","unstructured":"National Institute of Health, 2017. Retrieved on 10.9.17 from \u3008https:\/\/www.nichd.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/infertility\/conditioninfo\/Pages\/common.aspx\u3009."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.5539\/ijps.v8n3p194","article-title":"The Relationship between life satisfaction and happiness: the mediating role of resiliency","volume":"8","author":"Nemati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol. Stud."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-312016","article-title":"Screen time is associated with adiposity and insulin resistance in children","volume":"102","author":"Nightingale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037318","article-title":"Media use and ADHD-related behaviors in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Nikkelen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib76","unstructured":"Northwestern University - School of Communication - Center on Media and Human Development, 2014. Parenting in the age of digital technology \u2013 revised. A national survey. Retrieved on 2.9.17 from \u3008http:\/\/cmhd.northwestern.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/ParentingAgeDigitalTechnology.REVISED.FINAL_.2014.pdf\u3009."},{"issue":"315808","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib77","article-title":"Association between information and communication technology usage and the quality of sleep among school-aged children during a school week","volume":"2014","author":"Ononogbu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep. Disord."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jss072","article-title":"The suicidal feelings, self-injury, and mobile phone use after lights out in adolescents","volume":"37","author":"Oshima","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2006.00525.x","article-title":"TV exposure associated with sleep disturbances in 5-to 6-year-old children","volume":"15","author":"Paavonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib80","first-page":"3329","article-title":"Prospective associations between televiewing at toddlerhood and later self-reported social impairment at middle school in a Canadian longitudinal cohort born in 1997\/1998","volume":"46","author":"Pagani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Med"},{"issue":"248","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib81","article-title":"Neural basis of video gaming: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Palaus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000272","article-title":"Youth screen time and behavioral health problems: the role of sleep duration and disturbances","volume":"37","author":"Parent","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"issue":"74","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib83","article-title":"Over-diagnosed and over-treated: a survey of Australian public attitudes towards the acceptability of drug treatment for depression and ADHD","volume":"14","author":"Partridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027030","article-title":"Media use, face-to-face communication, media multitasking, and social well-being among 8- to 12-year-old girls","volume":"48","author":"Pea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib85","first-page":"1","article-title":"The relationship between hours of sleep, screen time and frequency of food and drink consumption in Spain in the 2011 and 2013 ALADINO: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"P\u00e9rez-Farin\u00f3s","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000e107","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-1044.1000e107","article-title":"Research facts about resilience","volume":"3","author":"Pop","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib87","first-page":"1","article-title":"Video game vision syndrome: a new clinical picture in children?","volume":"29","author":"Rechichi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.280","article-title":"Adolescent screen time and attachment to parents and peers","volume":"164","author":"Richards","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1582","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent television viewing and antisocial behavior in early adulthood","volume":"131","author":"Robertson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.14689\/ejer.2015.60.7","article-title":"Perceived social support, depression and life satisfaction as the predictor of the resilience of secondary school students: the case of Burdur","volume":"60","author":"Sahin-Baltaci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eurasia. J. Educ. Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-016-0048-x","article-title":"I want to media multitask and I want to do it now: individual differences in media multitasking predict delay of gratification and system-1 thinking","volume":"2","author":"Schutten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-014-0793-0","article-title":"On the relation of mind wandering and ADHD symptomatology","volume":"22","author":"Seli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13666","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8882-z","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of continuous 900-MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure in testicular tissue: a rat model of human cell phone exposure","volume":"24","author":"Sepehrimanesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2015.02.007","article-title":"Association between duration of playing video games and bone mineral density in Chinese adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Densitom."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.09.049","article-title":"Television, adiposity, and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents","volume":"44","author":"Staiano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1508","article-title":"Television and video game exposure and the development of attention problems","volume":"126","author":"Swing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2788","article-title":"The Association between television viewing and irregular sleep schedules among children less than 3 years of age","volume":"116","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12426","article-title":"An evidence-update on the prospective relationship between childhood sedentary behaviour and biomedical health indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Van Ekris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580600719055","article-title":"The multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study: design and methods","volume":"13","author":"Varma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2010.12012","article-title":"Salivary cortisol in relation to the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in school-aged children","volume":"1","author":"Wallenius","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-011-0065-z","article-title":"The screens culture: impact on ADHD","volume":"3","author":"Weiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atten. Defic. Hyperact Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026046","article-title":"A Longitudinal study of the association between violent video game play and aggression among adolescents","volume":"48","author":"Willoughby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006665","article-title":"Leisure time computer use and adolescent bone health\u2014findings from the Troms\u00f8 Study, Fit Futures: a cross-sectional study","volume":"5","author":"Winther","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2016.05.008","article-title":"Sleepyteens: social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem","volume":"51","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103e111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2016.07.012","article-title":"Prevalence of Internet addiction and its association with social support and other related factors among adolescents in China","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wyde, M., Cesta, M., Blystone, C., Elmore, S., Foster, P., Hooth, M., Bucher, J., 2016. Report of partial findings from the National Toxicology Program carcinogenesis studies of cell phone radiofrequency radiation in Hsd: Sprague Dawley\u00ae SD rats (whole body exposure). Retrieved on 10.9.17 from \u3008http:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/early\/2016\/06\/23\/055699.article-info\u3009. doi:10.1101\/055699.","DOI":"10.1101\/055699"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.02.002","article-title":"The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of Internet addiction: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility","volume":"41","author":"Yen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2015.06.006","article-title":"What is harmful for male fertility: cell phone or the wireless internet?","volume":"31","author":"Yildirim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20708","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020708","article-title":"Microstructure abnormalities in adolescents with Internet addiction disorder","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3322","article-title":"Associations between content types of early media exposure and subsequent attentional problems","volume":"120","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S001393511830015X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S001393511830015X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T19:57:58Z","timestamp":1757966278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S001393511830015X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["S001393511830015X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}