{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:55:49Z","timestamp":1790265349199,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]],"date-time":"2018-02-22T07:08:15Z","timestamp":1519283295000},"page":"71-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Adem","family":"Kocaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamze","family":"Altun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arife Ahsen","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6m\u00fcr G\u00fcls\u00fcm","family":"Deniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u0131ymet K\u00fcbra","family":"Yurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00fcleyman","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5350","DOI":"10.4081\/rt.2014.5350","article-title":"Connection between cell phone use, p53 gene expression in different zones of glioblastoma multiforme and survival prognoses","volume":"6","author":"Akhavan-Sigari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rare Tumors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2013.783851","article-title":"Effect of long-term 50 Hz magnetic field exposure on the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes of mice","volume":"33","author":"Alcaraz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1228","article-title":"Electromagnetic field treatment protects against and reverses cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease mice","volume":"19","author":"Arendash","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13508","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6511-x","article-title":"Carbon dioxide emissions, gdp, energy use, and population growth: a multivariate and causality analysis for Ghana, 1971\u20132013","volume":"23","author":"Asumadu-Sarkodie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200205000-00018","article-title":"Brain tumors and salivary gland cancers among cellular telephone users","volume":"13","author":"Auvinen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2011.06.001","article-title":"Effects of a 900-mhz electromagnetic field on oxidative stress parameters in rat lymphoid organs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and plasma","volume":"42","author":"Aydin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arc. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2013.03.001","article-title":"Fifty-Hertz electromagnetic fields facilitate the induction of rat bone mesenchymal stromal cells to differentiate into functional neurons","volume":"15","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib8","first-page":"ZC82","article-title":"Analysis of the genotoxic effects of mobile phone radiation using buccal micronucleus assay: A comparative evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Banerjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.06.016","article-title":"Differential effects of high and low strength magnetic fields on mouse embryonic development and vasculogenesis of embryonic stem cells","volume":"65","author":"Bekhite","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib10","first-page":"28","article-title":"Effect of artificial electromagnetic fields on living organisms","volume":"37","author":"Berg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gematol. Transfuziol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib11","unstructured":"Bericht im Auftrag des Bundesamts f\u00fcr Umwelt (BAFU), 2014. Evaluation of the evidence of biological effects by weak high-frequency radiation. \u3008http:\/\/www.aefu.ch\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/aefu-data\/b_documents\/themen\/elektrosmog\/140601_Expertenteam_Bericht_Beurteilung_Evidenz_biologischer_Wirkungen_schwacher_Hochfrequenzstrahlung.pdf\u3009. (Accessed in 14 August 2017)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1086\/392797","article-title":"The holistic inspirations of physics: the underground history of electromagnetic theory","volume":"67","author":"Berkson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Philos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21146","article-title":"Radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz) induces Egr-1 gene expression an affects cell-cycle control in human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"213","author":"Buttiglione","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2015.08.907","article-title":"Oxidative stress and DNA damages induced by 1-nitropyrene in human lung fibroblasts: new insights into the mechanisms of genotoxicity and EPR-spin trapping direct monitoring of free radicals at subcellular levels","volume":"238","author":"Cassien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2016.04.010","article-title":"Has the incidence of brain cancer risen in australia since the introduction of mobile phones 29 years ago?","volume":"42","author":"Chapman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of simulated mobile phone electromagnetic radiation on fertilization and embryo development","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fetal Pediatr. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000156351.72313.D3","article-title":"Cellular telephones and risk for brain tumors \u2013 a population-based, incident case-control study","volume":"64","author":"Christensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib18","unstructured":"Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), 2009. Exposure to high frequency electromagnetic fields, biological effects and health consequences (100 khz-300 ghz). \u3008http:\/\/www.emf.ethz.ch\/archive\/var\/ICNIRP_effekte_RFReview.pdf\u3009 (Accessed in 14 August 2017)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79309","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079309","article-title":"Inhibition of angiogenesis mediated by extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (elf-mfs)","volume":"8","author":"Delle","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581815574348","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and neurogenotoxic effects in rats exposed to low-intensity microwave radiation","volume":"34","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2015.1101648","article-title":"Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields affect proliferation and mitochondrial activity of human cancer cell lines","volume":"91","author":"Destefanis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Rad. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2005.03.006","article-title":"Non-thermal DNA breakage by mobile-phone radiation (1800 mhz) in human fibroblasts and in transformed gfsh-r17 rat granulosa cells in vitro","volume":"583","author":"Diem","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13549","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251091098","article-title":"An in vivo esr spin-trapping study: free radical generation in rats from formate intoxication role of the fenton reaction","volume":"98","author":"Dikalova","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib24","first-page":"1203","article-title":"The action of the free radicals on DNA and anti-radical defence mechanisms","volume":"67","author":"Dinu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Chim.-Buchar."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2011.653969","article-title":"Mechanisms of free radical-induced damage to DNA","volume":"46","author":"Dizdaroglu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1667\/RR13851.1","article-title":"Comparison of the genotoxic effects induced by 50 hz extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields and 1800 mhz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in gc-2 cells","volume":"183","author":"Duan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189352","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/189352","article-title":"Extremely low-frequency magnetic field enhances the therapeutic efficacy of low-dose cisplatin in the treatment of ehrlich carcinoma","volume":"2013","author":"El-Bialy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2016.1150619","article-title":"Pulsed electromagnetic field (pemf) prevents pro-oxidant effects of h2o2 in sk-n-be(2) human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"92","author":"Falone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Rad. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25310","article-title":"Improved mitochondrial and methylglyoxal-related metabolisms support hyperproliferation induced by 50 hz magnetic field in neuroblastoma cells","volume":"231","author":"Falone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physio."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1159\/000445599","article-title":"Mitochondrial ros release and subsequent akt activation potentially mediated the anti-apoptotic effect of a 50-hz magnetic field on fl cells","volume":"38","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1126\/science.183.4125.601","article-title":"Structure of the proton","volume":"183","author":"Feynman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(81)90748-8","article-title":"DNA-ferrous iron catalyzed hydroxyl free radical formation from hydrogen peroxide","volume":"99","author":"Floyd","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib33","article-title":"Electromagnetic radiation at 835 mhz changes the morphology and inhibits proliferation of a human astrocytoma cell line (vol 43, pg 13, 1997)","volume":"46","author":"French","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bioelectroch. Bioener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.46.030184.003101","article-title":"Magnetic-field sensitivity in animals","volume":"46","author":"Gould","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2002.131","article-title":"The exact electromagnetic field description of photon emission, absorption, and radiation pattern","volume":"2","author":"Grimes","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01131411","article-title":"Mechanisms of electromagnetic-interaction with cellular-systems","volume":"79","author":"Grundler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-015-0195-y","article-title":"Effect of gstm1 and gstt1 polymorphisms on genetic damage in humans populations exposed to radiation from mobile towers","volume":"70","author":"Gulati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gev071","article-title":"Exposure to 915 MHz radiation induces micronuclei in Vicia faba root tips","volume":"31","author":"Gustavino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib39","first-page":"628","article-title":"The creation of scientific effects - hertz,heinrich and electric waves - buchwald,jz","volume":"372","author":"Hackmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2007.5270","article-title":"The biologic effects and the therapeutic mechanism of action of electric and electromagnetic field stimulation on bone and cartilage: new findings and a review of earlier work","volume":"13","author":"Haddad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complem. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo_00000307","article-title":"Mobile phones, cordless phones and the risk for brain tumours","volume":"35","author":"Hardell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2014.10.001","article-title":"Mobile phone and cordless phone use and the risk for glioma - Analysis of pooled case-control studies in Sweden, 1997\u20132003 and 2007\u20132009","volume":"22","author":"Hardell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2013.2111","article-title":"Case-control study of the association between malignant brain tumours diagnosed between 2007 and 2009 and mobile and cordless phone use","volume":"43","author":"Hardell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12212","DOI":"10.1021\/bi961235j","article-title":"Fe2+, fe3+, and oxygen react with DNA-derived radicals formed during iron-mediated fenton reactions","volume":"35","author":"Henle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38720.687975.55","article-title":"Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in adults: case-control study","volume":"332","author":"Hepworth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brit. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2014.900507","article-title":"Oxidative changes and apoptosis induced by 1800-MHz electromagnetic radiation in NIH\/3t3 cells","volume":"34","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e328360f456","article-title":"The incidence rate and mortality of malignant brain tumors after 10 years of intensive cell phone use in taiwan","volume":"22","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2016.07.009","article-title":"Biochemical and histological studies on adverse effects of mobile phone radiation on rat's brain","volume":"78","author":"Hussein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2015.19.2.119","article-title":"Effects on g2\/m phase cell cycle distribution and aneuploidy formation of exposure to a 60 Hz electromagnetic field in combination with ionizing radiation or hydrogen peroxide in l132 nontumorigenic human lung epithelial cells","volume":"19","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2015.10.004","article-title":"Genomic instability induced by 50 hz magnetic fields is a dynamically evolving process not blocked by antioxidant treatment","volume":"794","author":"Kesari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mutat. Res-Gen. Tox. En."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150995","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.0995","article-title":"Induction of micronuclei and superoxide production in neuroblastoma and glioma cell lines exposed to weak 50 Hz magnetic fields","volume":"13","author":"Kesari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib52","first-page":"183","article-title":"Electromagnetic fields, science and public concern","volume":"51","author":"Kheifets","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soz. Prav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12338","article-title":"Trends in incidence of primary brain cancer in new zealand, 1995 to 2010","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Publ. Heal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.10136","article-title":"Interaction between weak low frequency magnetic fields and cell membranes","volume":"24","author":"Koch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3409\/fb64_1.55","article-title":"The effect of an eextremely low frequency magnetic field on larvae production in the parasite-host system: Fasciola hepatica-galba truncatula: a preliminary study","volume":"64","author":"Kolodziejczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Folia Biol. (Krakow)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2012.12.006","article-title":"Combined biological and health effects of electromagnetic fields and other agents in the published literature","volume":"80","author":"Kostoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12055","article-title":"The role of mitochondrial DNA mutations and free radicals in disease and ageing","volume":"273","author":"Lagouge","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6355","article-title":"Magnetic-field-induced DNA strand breaks in brain cells of the rat","volume":"112","author":"Lai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Health Persp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib59","first-page":"10","article-title":"Medical applications of electromagnetic fields","author":"Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iop. C. Ser. Earth. Env."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2016.1135264","article-title":"Effects of radiation from a radiofrequency identification (rfid) microchip on human cancer cells","volume":"92","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Rad. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)80699-U","article-title":"Experimental-evidence for 60-hz magnetic-fields operating through the signal-transduction cascade - effects on calcium influx and c-myc messenger-rna induction","volume":"334","author":"Liburdy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Febs. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1996-7","article-title":"Exposure to 3g mobile phone signals does not affect the biological features of brain tumor cells","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000142519.00772.bf","article-title":"Mobile phone use and the risk of acoustic neuroma","volume":"15","author":"Lonn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib64","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modification of p21 level and cell cycle distribution by 50 hz magnetic fields in human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells","author":"Luukkonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20164","article-title":"Non-thermal effects of electromagnetic fields at mobile phone frequency on the refolding of an intracellular protein: myoglobin","volume":"93","author":"Mancinelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(97)00016-6","article-title":"Iron homeostasis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage","volume":"23","author":"Meneghini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2010.096","article-title":"In situ radiofrequency field level assessment in two urban areas in romania: open questions to electromagnetic pollution","volume":"9","author":"Miclaus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2012.695272","article-title":"Globalization and suicide: an ecological study across five regions of the world","volume":"16","author":"Milner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Suicide Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.2174\/1567202612666150605121829","article-title":"Combination of local transplantation of in vitro bone-marrow stromal cells and pulsed electromagnetic fields accelerate functional recovery of transected sciatic nerve regeneration: a novel approach in transected nerve repair","volume":"12","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Neurovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib70","first-page":"2592","article-title":"In-vitro assessment of jurkat t-cells response to 1966 mhz electromagnetic fields in a gtem cell","volume":"2015","author":"Moraitis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. Ieee. Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2016.1206224","article-title":"Evaluation of cell viability, DNA single-strand breaks, and nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated macrophage raw264 exposed to a 50-Hz magnetic field","volume":"92","author":"Nakayama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)02393-8","article-title":"Mechanism for action of electromagnetic fields on cells","volume":"298","author":"Panagopoulos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2008.11.005","article-title":"Electromagnetic fields and DNA damage","volume":"16","author":"Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/504030a","article-title":"The feynman lectures on physics","volume":"504","author":"Phillips","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-015-0463-5","article-title":"Effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) exposure on b6c3f1 mice","volume":"20","author":"Qi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(90)90680-W","article-title":"Nitric oxide mediates iron release from ferritin","volume":"283","author":"Reif","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-007-0664-2","article-title":"High frequency (900 MHz) low amplitude (5 V m-1) electromagnetic field: a genuine environmental stimulus that affects transcription, translation, calcium and energy charge in tomato","volume":"227","author":"Roux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib78","first-page":"138","article-title":"Survival assessment of mouse preimplantation embryos after exposure to cell phone radiation","volume":"17","author":"Safian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2016.01.002","article-title":"The 2100 mhz radiofrequency radiation of a 3g-mobile phone and the DNA oxidative damage in brain","volume":"75","author":"Sahin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib80","first-page":"31","article-title":"Effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field on brain histopathology of Caspian Sea Cyprinus carpio","volume":"36","author":"Samiee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22034","article-title":"Adverse and beneficial effects in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells following radiofrequency exposure","volume":"38","author":"Sannino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21982","article-title":"Time trend in incidence of malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system in relation to mobile phone use among young people in Japan","volume":"37","author":"Sato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib83","unstructured":"Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR), 2015. Potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields (emf). \u3008https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/health\/scientific_committees\/emerging\/docs\/scenihr_o_041.pdf\u3009 (Accessed in 14 August 2017)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2016.05.009","article-title":"Exposure to 50hz-sinusoidal electromagnetic field induces DNA damage-independent autophagy","volume":"77","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell. B."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(97)90248-6","article-title":"Effects of natural and man-made electric\/electromagnetic fields on human health: a possible mechanism","volume":"49","author":"Sher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrw085","article-title":"No adverse effects detected for simultaneous whole-body exposure to multiple-frequency radiofrequency electromagnetic fields for rats in the intrauterine and pre- and post-weaning periods","volume":"58","author":"Shirai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22598","article-title":"Synergism between sinusoidal-50 Hz magnetic field and formaldehyde in triggering carcinogenic effects in male Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"59","author":"Soffritti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.07.103","article-title":"Purkinje cell number decreases in the adult female rat cerebellum following exposure to 900 mhz electromagnetic field","volume":"1356","author":"Sonmez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib89","unstructured":"SSK, 2011. Biologische auswirkungen des mobilfunks. \u3008http:\/\/www.ssk.de\/SharedDocs\/Beratungsergebnisse_PDF\/2011\/2011_10.pdf?__blob=publicationFile\u3009 (Accessed in 14 August 2017)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032101","article-title":"Epidemiological studies concerned with exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and the risk of cancer","volume":"72","author":"Stather","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4920","article-title":"Redox environment, free radical, and oxidative DNA damage","volume":"18","author":"Storr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Sign."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib92","first-page":"1202","article-title":"Effect of ionizing electromagnetic radiation on DNA in solution and on white blood cells","volume":"225","author":"Sukhoviia","year":"1975","journal-title":"Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37423","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37423","article-title":"Mobile phone signal exposure triggers a hormesis-like effect in Atm+\/+ and Atm-\/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2013.869755","article-title":"Epinephrine, DNA integrity and oxidative stress in workers exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) at 132 kV substations","volume":"34","author":"Tiwari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib95","first-page":"1903","article-title":"The effect of pulsed electromagnetic-fields in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and cervical-spine - report of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Trock","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2013.81","article-title":"P-selectin expression in a colon tumor model exposed by sinusoidal electromagnetic fields","volume":"1","author":"Tuncel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0142259","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142259","article-title":"Genotoxicity induced by foetal and infant exposure to magnetic fields and modulation of ionising radiation effects","volume":"10","author":"Udroiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2015.11.003","article-title":"Co-exposure of ELF-magnetic fields and chemical mutagens: an investigation of genotoxicity with the SOS-based VITOTOX test in Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"795","author":"Verschaeve","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1159\/000430233","article-title":"8-oxog DNA glycosylase-1 inhibition sensitizes neuro-2a cells to oxidative DNA base damage induced by 900 mhz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2005.04.013","article-title":"Chromosomal damage in human diploid fibroblasts by intermittent exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields","volume":"585","author":"Winker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2015.1021963","article-title":"The rate of x-ray-induced DNA double-strand break repair in the embryonic mouse brain is unaffected by exposure to 50 hz magnetic fields","volume":"91","author":"Woodbine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Rad. Bio."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib102","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO), 2007. Electromagnetic fields and public health. \u3008http:\/\/www.who.int\/peh-emf\/publications\/facts\/fs322\/en\/\u3009. (Accessed in 14 August 2017)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wyde, M., Cesta, M., Blystone, C., Elmore, S., Foster, P., Hooth, M., Kissling, G., Malarkey, D., Sills, R., Stout, M. Report of Partial findings from the National Toxicology Program Carcinogenesis Studies of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation in Hsd: Sprague Dawley\u00ae SD rats (Whole Body Exposure). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/055699.","DOI":"10.1101\/055699"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2015.1043557","article-title":"Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation","volume":"35","author":"Yakymenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2015015","DOI":"10.5620\/eht.e2015015","article-title":"Mobile phone use and risk of glioma: a case-control study in Korea for 2002\u20132007","volume":"30","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0595.1","article-title":"Formation of reactive oxygen species in l929 cells after exposure to 900 mhz rf radiation with and without co-exposure to 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)\u22125-hydroxy-2(5h)-furanone","volume":"167","author":"Zeni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21712","article-title":"Radiofrequency radiation at 1950 MHz (UMTS) does not affect key cellular endpoints in neuron-like pc12 cells","volume":"33","author":"Zeni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2014.971958","article-title":"Sinusoidal electromagnetic fields promote bone formation and inhibit bone resorption in rat femoral tissues in vitro","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233714545837","article-title":"Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on human fetal scleral fibroblasts","volume":"32","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23312","article-title":"Extremely low frequency magnetic fields do not induce DNA damage in human lens epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"299","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0300-1","article-title":"Sensitivity of spiral ganglion neurons to damage caused by mobile phone electromagnetic radiation will increase in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro model","volume":"12","author":"Zuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935118300343?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935118300343?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T19:57:31Z","timestamp":1757966251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935118300343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["S0013935118300343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.034","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}