{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:23:23Z","timestamp":1792020203946,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,24]],"date-time":"2018-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,21]],"date-time":"2018-03-21T06:23:54Z","timestamp":1521613434000},"page":"405-416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Martin L.","family":"Pall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.04.015","article-title":"Effect of mobile telephones on sperm quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1981.61.2.435","article-title":"Tissue interactions with nonionizing electromagnetic fields","volume":"61","author":"Adey","year":"1981","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00973286","article-title":"Cell membranes: the electromagnetic environment and cancer promotion","volume":"13","author":"Adey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crhy.2010.10.005","article-title":"In situ detection of gliosis and apoptosis in the brains of young rats exposed in utero to a Wi-Fi signal","volume":"11","author":"A\u00eft-A\u00efssa","year":"2010","journal-title":"C. R. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21699","article-title":"In utero and early-life exposure of rats to a Wi-Fi signal: screening of immune markers in sera and gestational outcome","volume":"33","author":"A\u00eft-A\u00efssa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2995.1","article-title":"In situ expression of heat-shock proteins and 3-nitrotyrosine in brains of young rats exposed to a WiFi signal in utero and in early life","volume":"179","author":"A\u00eft-A\u00efssa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60676-1","article-title":"Origins and consequences of DNA damage in male germ cells","volume":"14","author":"Aitken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2016.01.003","article-title":"Does prolonged radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi devices induce DNA damage in various tissues of rats?","volume":"75","author":"Akdag","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/15\/011","article-title":"A radio-frequency system for in vivo pilot experiments aimed at the studies on biological effects of electromagnetic fields","volume":"50","author":"Ardoino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.19082\/2655","article-title":"A review on electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and the reproductive system","volume":"8","author":"Asghari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electron. Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2012.02.015","article-title":"Immunopathologic demonstration of deleterious effects on gro.wing rat testes of radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional Wi-Fi devices","volume":"9","author":"Atasoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.10.012","article-title":"Use of laptop computers connected to the internet through Wi-Fi decreases human sperm motility and increases sperm DNA fragmentation","volume":"97","author":"Avenda\u00f1o","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2425-0","article-title":"Modulation of wireless (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative toxicity in laryngotracheal mucosa of rat by melatonin","volume":"270","author":"Aynali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2016.02.011","article-title":"Effects of high voltage nanosecond electric pulses on eukaryotic cells (in vitro): a systematic review","volume":"110","author":"Batista Napotnik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib15","first-page":"13","article-title":"Non-thermal biological effects of microwaves","volume":"11","author":"Belyaev","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microw. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib16","series-title":"Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine","first-page":"49","article-title":"Biophysical mechanisms for nonthermal microwave effects","author":"Belyaev","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20445","article-title":"Microwaves from UMTS\/GSM mobile phones induce long-lasting inhibition of 53BP1\/gamma-H2AX DNA repair foci in human lymphocytes","volume":"30","author":"Belyaev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2016-0011","article-title":"EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and illnesses","author":"Belyaev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib19","unstructured":"Berezow, A., Bloom, A., 2017. Recommendation to limit Md. School Wi-Fi based on 'junk science'. Baltimore Sun op-ed piece, March 12. \u3008http:\/\/www.baltimoresun.com\/news\/opinion\/oped\/bs-ed-wifi-school-20170312-story.html\u3009 (accessed 10 October 2017)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib20","first-page":"287","article-title":"Effect of mobile phone-induced electromagnetic field on brain hemodynamics and human stem cell functioning: Possible mechanistic link to cancer risk and early diagnostic value of electronphotonic imaging","volume":"10","author":"Bhargav","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S193","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0423.focus","article-title":"Avian magnetite-based magnetoreption: a physiologist's perspective","volume":"7","author":"Cadiou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2013-0016","article-title":"Human disease resulting from exposure to electromagnetic fields","volume":"28","author":"Carpenter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-014-0175-5","article-title":"Effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure of Wi-Fi on development of teeth and changes in teeth element concentration in rats. [corrected]","volume":"163","author":"\u00c7ift\u00e7i","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"issue":"10 Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2015.02.013","article-title":"Investigation of the effects of distance from sources on apoptosis, oxidative stress and cytosolic calcium accumulation via TRPV1 channels induced by mobile phones and Wi-Fi in breast cancer cells","volume":"1848","author":"\u00c7i\u011f","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683897","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/683897","article-title":"Electromagnetic fields, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration","volume":"2012","author":"Consales","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(87)80123-9","article-title":"In vitro studies of microwave-induced cataract. II. Comparison of damage observed for continuous wave and pulsed microwaves","volume":"45","author":"Creighton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.10199","article-title":"High frequency electromagnetic fields (GSM signals) affect gene expression levels in tumor suppressor p53-deficient embryonic stem cells","volume":"25","author":"Czyz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2013.869752","article-title":"Effect of long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on testes functions","volume":"34","author":"Dasdag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2015.09.001","article-title":"The link between radiofrequencies emitted from wireless technologies and oxidative stress","volume":"75","author":"Dasdag","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"issue":"21\u201322","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2012.0113","article-title":"Nonionizing radiation as a noninvasive strategy in regenerative medicine: the effect of Ca(2+)-ICR on mouse skeletal muscle cell growth and differentiation","volume":"18","author":"De Carlo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-7-114","article-title":"Pathophysiology of cell phone radiation: oxidative stress and carcinogenesis with focus on the male reproductive system","volume":"7","author":"Desai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2010.482480","article-title":"Calcium ion cyclotron resonance (ICR), 7.0\u202fHz, 9.2 microT magnetic field exposure initiates differentiation of pituitary corticotrope-derived AtT20 D16V cells","volume":"29","author":"Foletti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e31829b49bb","article-title":"Wi-Fi and health: review of current status of research","volume":"105","author":"Foster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp067","article-title":"Differentiation of human adult cardiac stem cells exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields","volume":"82","author":"Gaetani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/11\/301","article-title":"Calculation of induced current densities for humans by magnetic fields from electronic article surveillance devices","volume":"46","author":"Gandhi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2011.622827","article-title":"Exposure Limits: the underestimation of absorbed cell phone radiation, especially in children","volume":"31","author":"Gandhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026893317020108","article-title":"Regulation of heat shock gene expression in response to stress","volume":"51","author":"Garbuz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9549-9","article-title":"Electromagnetic radiation (Wi-Fi) and epilepsy induce calcium entry and apoptosis through activation of TRPV1 channel in hippocampus and dorsal root ganglion of rats","volume":"29","author":"Ghazizadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib39","unstructured":"Glaser, Z.R., PhD., 1971. Naval Medical Research Institute Research Report, June 1971. Bibliography of Reported Biological Phenomena (\u201cEffects\u201d) and Clinical Manifestations Attributed to Microwave and Radio-Frequency Radiation. Report No. 2 Revised. \u3008https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?Q=Glaser+naval+medical+microwave+radio-frequency+1972&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C38\u3009 (accessed 9 September 2017)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib40","first-page":"659","article-title":"Role of modulation in biological effects of electromagnetic radiation","volume":"36","author":"Grigor'ev","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiat. Biol. Radioecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2012.39.1.1","article-title":"Effect of electromagnetic field exposure on the reproductive system","volume":"39","author":"Gye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2007.12.004","article-title":"Biological effects from electromagnetic field exposure and public exposure standards","volume":"62","author":"Hardell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-2920-y","article-title":"The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats","volume":"38","author":"Hassanshahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gyobfe.2008.07.017","article-title":"Causes and clinical implications of sperm DNA damages","volume":"36","author":"Hazout","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Fertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R263","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0126","article-title":"The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on sperm function","volume":"152","author":"Houston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e395","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000395","article-title":"Magnetoreception system in honeybees (Apis mellifera)","volume":"2","author":"Hsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467208666150507104937","article-title":"Voltage-gated Cav1 channels in disorders of vision and hearing","volume":"8","author":"Joiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200013010-00010","article-title":"Oxidative stress precedes circulatory failure induced by 35-GHz microwave heating","volume":"13","author":"Kalns","year":"2000","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2015.11.005","article-title":"Electromagnetic field and brain development","volume":"75","author":"Kaplan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2010.16.3.263","article-title":"Epidemiological evidence for a health risk from mobile phone base stations","volume":"16","author":"Khurana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.46.2178","article-title":"Comment on \u201cconstraints on biological effects of weak extremely-low-frequency electromagnetifc fields.\u201d","volume":"46","author":"Kirschvink","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-011-0431-4","article-title":"Ca2+-signaling, alternative splicing and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses","volume":"36","author":"Krebs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib53","first-page":"27","article-title":"Neurological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Lai","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.014373","article-title":"Effects of the exposure to mobile phones on male reproduction: a review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"La Vignera","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21733","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to radiofrequencies: effects of WiFi signals on thymocyte development and peripheral T cell compartment in an animal model","volume":"33","author":"Laudisi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000000939","article-title":"Influence of smart phone Wi-Fi signals on adipose-derived stem cells","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cranofac. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx022","article-title":"Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1139\/A10-018","article-title":"Biological effects from exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell tower base stations and other antenna arrays","volume":"18","author":"Levitt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/15368370802269135","article-title":"Calcium ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) transfers information to living systems: effects on human epithelial cell differentiation","volume":"27","author":"Lisi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2014.00205.x","article-title":"Association between mobile phone use and semen quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2014.906448","article-title":"Effects of moderate static magnetic fields on the voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels currents in trigeminal ganglion neurons","volume":"34","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib62","unstructured":"Maganioti, A.E., Papageorgiou C.C., Hountala, C.D., Kiprianou, M.A., Rabavilas, A.D., Papademitriou, G.N., Capalis, C.N., 2010. Wi-Fi electromagnetic fields exert gender related alterations on EEG. 6th International Workshop on Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. \u3008https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Miltiades_Kyprianou3\/publication\/267816859_WIFI_ELECTROMAGNETIC_FIELDS_EXERT_GENDER_RELATED_ALTERATIONS_ON_EEG\/links\/550ab8670cf265693ced8e9c.pdf\u3009 (accessed 7 September 2017)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:6<455::AID-BEM8>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"RF radiation-induced changes in the prenatal development of mice","volume":"18","author":"Magras","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60437-3","article-title":"Cell phones: modern man's nemesis?","volume":"18","author":"Makker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib65","unstructured":"Maret, K., 2015. Expert Forum on Cell Phone and Wireless Risks, June 22, 2015. \u3008https:\/\/vimeo.com\/132039697\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10669-007-9128-2","article-title":"Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy: history, state of the art and future","volume":"27","author":"Markov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environmentalist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900781","article-title":"Microwaves from mobile phones inhibit 53BP1 focus formation in human stem cells more strongly than in differentiated cells: possible mechanistic link to cancer risk","volume":"118","author":"Markov\u00e0","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib68","first-page":"135","article-title":"Nimodipine in otolaryngology: from past evidence to clinical perspectives","volume":"35","author":"Monzani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-013-9597-9","article-title":"Recent reports of Wi-Fi and mobile phone-induced radiation on oxidative stress and reproductive signaling pathways in females and males","volume":"246","author":"Naz\u0131ro\u011flu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib70","unstructured":"No authors listed, 2017. Scientists warn plunging sperm counts could lead to human extinction. Geobeat article. \u3008https:\/\/www.aol.com\/article\/news\/2017\/07\/26\/scientists-sound-the-alarm-about-declining-sperm-counts\/23049397\/0\u3009 (accessed 7 September 2017)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.08.013","article-title":"Effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on the dentate gyrus of rats: a stereological and histopathological study","volume":"1238","author":"Odaci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib72","article-title":"Effects of radiofrequency radiation from WiFi devices on human ejaculated sperm","volume":"9","author":"Oni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Rev. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib73","series-title":"Labor Hygiene and the Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields on Workers","author":"Osipov","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.04.016","article-title":"Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices","volume":"52","author":"Othman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-017-0016-2","article-title":"Effects of repeated restraint stress and WiFi signal exposure on behavior and oxidative stress in rats","author":"Othman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9836-z","article-title":"Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz)- and mobile phone (900 and 1800 MHz)-induced risks on oxidative stress and elements in kidney and testis of rats during pregnancy and the development of offspring","volume":"156","author":"\u00d6zorak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12088","article-title":"Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects","volume":"17","author":"Pall","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2014.906447","article-title":"Electromagnetic field activation of voltage-gated calcium channels: role in therapeutic effects","author":"Pall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib79","first-page":"71","article-title":"How to approach the challenge of minimizing non-thermal health effects of microwave radiation from electrical devices","volume":"2","author":"Pall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res Eng. Manag (IJIREM)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib80","first-page":"99","volume":"3","author":"Pall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2174\/2212796810666160419160433","article-title":"Electromagnetic fields act similarly in plants as in animals: Probable activation of calcium channels via their voltage sensor","volume":"10","author":"Pall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Chem. Biol."},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2015.08.001","article-title":"Microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression","volume":"75","author":"Pall","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib83","series-title":"Mobile Communications and Public Health","article-title":"How cancer can be caused by microwave frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) exposures: EMF activation of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) can cause cancer including tumor promotion, tissue invasion and metastasis via 15 mechanisms","author":"Pall","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib84","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nrf2, a master regulator of detoxification and also antioxidant, anti- inflammatory and other cytoprotective mechanisms, is raised by health promoting factors","volume":"67","author":"Pall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14914","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14914","article-title":"Polarization: a key difference between man-made and natural electromagnetic fields, in regard to biological activity","volume":"5","author":"Panagopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/607053","article-title":"Real versus simulated mobile phone exposures in experimental studies","author":"Panagopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219635211002695","article-title":"Effects of Wi-Fi signals on the P300 component or event-related potentials during an auditory hayling task","volume":"10","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-13-148","article-title":"Mitochondrial Hsp90s suppress calcium-mediated stress signals propagating from the mitochondria to the ER in cancer cells","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-9-47","article-title":"Transient effect of weak electromagnetic fields on calcium ion concentration in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"9","author":"Pazur","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-044X-4-1","article-title":"Growth of etiolated barley plants in weak static and 50\u202fHz electromagnetic fields tuned to calcium ion cyclotron resonance","volume":"4","author":"Pazur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomagn. Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2008.11.005","article-title":"Electromagnetic fields and DNA damage","volume":"16","author":"Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"issue":"426","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.08.078","article-title":"Electromagnetic fields instantaneously modulate nitric oxide signaling in challenged biological systems","volume":"28","author":"Pilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2013.776335","article-title":"Nonthermal electromagnetic fields: from first messenger to therapeutic applications","volume":"32","author":"Pilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib94.1","unstructured":"Pollack, H., Healer, J., 1967. Review of Information on Hazards to Personnel from High-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation. Institute for Defense Analyses"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib94.2","unstructured":"Research and Engineering Support Division. IDA\/HQ 67-6211, Series B, May 1967."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20346","article-title":"Effect of in utero wi-fi exposure on the pre- and postnatal development of rats","volume":"95","author":"Poulletier de Gannes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.11.003","article-title":"Rat fertility and embryo fetal development: influence of exposure to the Wi-Fi signal","volume":"36","author":"Poulletier de Gannes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib97","series-title":"Electromagnetic Field Interactions with the Human Body: Observed Effects and Theories","author":"Raines","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2015-0030","article-title":"Radiofrequency exposure in young and old: different sensitivities in the light of age-relevant natural differences","volume":"30","author":"Redmayne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2008.11.004","article-title":"Genotoxic effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields","volume":"16","author":"Ruediger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2015.08.015","article-title":"Effects of acute WiFi signals (2.45 GHz) on heart variability and blood pressure in albino rabbits","volume":"40","author":"Saili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2255.1","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to non-ionizing radiation: effects of WiFi signals on pregnancy outcome, peripheral B-cell compartment and antibody production","volume":"174","author":"Sambucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib102","first-page":"531","article-title":"The effects of electromagnetic fields on the endocrine system in children and adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Sang\u00fcn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib103","first-page":"322","article-title":"Effects of Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz) exposure on apopotosis, sperm parameters and testicular histomorphology in rats: a time course study","volume":"17","author":"Shokri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20598","article-title":"Protein changes in macrophages induced by plasma from rats exposed to 35 GHz millimeter waves","volume":"3","author":"Sypniewska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00228.2014","article-title":"Direct activation of the Mauthner cell by electric field pulses drives ultrarapid escape responses","volume":"112","author":"Tabor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31824cd6de","article-title":"Differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells is induced by high-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields","volume":"23","author":"Teven","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.126166","article-title":"Effects of melatonin on Wi-Fi-induced oxidative stress in lens of rats","volume":"62","author":"T\u00f6k","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib108","series-title":"Pathological Effects of Radio Waves, Translated from Russian by B Haigh","author":"Tolgskaya","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib109","first-page":"233","article-title":"The ameliorative effect of gallic acid on pancreas lesions induced by 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation (Wi-Fi) in young rats","volume":"10","author":"Topsakal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rad. Res. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.200810047","article-title":"Optical knock out of stem cells with extremely ultrashort femtosecond laser pulses","volume":"1","author":"Uchugonova","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000063","article-title":"Pulsed radiofrequency: a review of the basic science as applied to the pathophysiology of radicular pain: a call for clinical translation","volume":"39","author":"Van Boxem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.1.2.2434","article-title":"Microwave irradiation affects gene expression in plants","volume":"1","author":"Vian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib113","first-page":"e07493","article-title":"Magnetosensitive neurons mediate geomagnetic orientation in Caenorhabditis elegan","volume":"4","author":"Vidal-Gadea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.6.13.1397839","article-title":"Electromagnetic field effects on cells of the immune system: the role of calcium signaling","volume":"6","author":"Walleczek","year":"1992","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0117550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117550","article-title":"Effects of pulsed 2.856 GHz microwave exposure on BM-MSCs isolated from C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2175","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102175","article-title":"Magnetic fields and reactive oxygen species","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4747","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02573","article-title":"Magnetic compass in the cornea: local anesthesia impairs orientation in a mammal","volume":"209","author":"Wegner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib118","first-page":"461","article-title":"Experimental study of millimeter wave-induced differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib119","first-page":"1","article-title":"Age-dependent acute interference with stem and progenitor cell proliferation in the hipp.ocampus after exposure to 1800 MHz electromagnetic radiation","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib120","first-page":"20","article-title":"Metabolic changes in cells under electromagnetic radiation of mobile communication systems","author":"Yakymenko","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ukr. Biokhim Zh. (1999)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib121","first-page":"729","article-title":"Risks of carcinogenesis from electromagnetic radiation and mobile telephony devices","volume":"32","author":"Yakymenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib122","first-page":"62","article-title":"Long-term exposure to microwave radiation provokes cancer growth: evidences from radars and mobile communication systems","volume":"33","author":"Yakymenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib123","article-title":"Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation","author":"Yakymenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electromagnetic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib124","first-page":"480","article-title":"What is harmful for male fertility: cell phone or wireless internet?","volume":"31","author":"Yildiring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kaosiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0795-3","article-title":"Long-term exposure to electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones and Wi-Fi devices decreases plasma prolactin, progesterone, and estrogen levels but increases uterine oxidative stress in pregnant rats and their offspring","volume":"52","author":"Y\u00fcksel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.12.024","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in conductive scaffolds and the roles of voltage-gated ion channels","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935118300355?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935118300355?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T20:02:24Z","timestamp":1757966544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935118300355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":127,"alternative-id":["S0013935118300355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.035","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.026","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}