{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:46:04Z","timestamp":1790736364737,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]],"date-time":"2018-07-05T13:55:30Z","timestamp":1530798930000},"page":"144-159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":335,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Ambient air pollution and pregnancy outcomes: A comprehensive review and identification of environmental public health challenges"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"167","author":[{"given":"Petra","family":"Klepac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Koro\u0161ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nino","family":"K\u00fcnzli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreja","family":"Kukec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib1","series-title":"European perinatal health report","author":"Zeitlin","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1017\/S1350482701003103","article-title":"The importance of meteorological data for modelling air pollution using ADMS-Urban","volume":"8","author":"Arciszewska","year":"2001","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-9-6","article-title":"Air pollution exposure during pregnancy and reduced birth size: a prospective birth cohort study in Valencia, Spain","volume":"9","author":"Ballester","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.03.002","article-title":"Preterm delivery risk factors in singletons born after in vitro fertilization procedures","volume":"176","author":"Ban Frangez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90710-1","article-title":"Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease","volume":"2","author":"Barker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6746.259","article-title":"Fetal and placental size and risk of hypertension in adult life","volume":"301","author":"Barker","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91224-A","article-title":"Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life","volume":"341","author":"Barker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2004.10719428","article-title":"The developmental origins of adult disease","volume":"23","author":"Barker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9759","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and low birth weight in Connecticut and Massachusetts","volume":"115","author":"Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/env.1086","article-title":"On the use of a PM2.5 exposure simulator to explain birthweight","volume":"22","author":"Berrocal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.11.004","article-title":"Estimating the health effects of exposure to multi-pollutant mixture","volume":"22","author":"Billionnet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108173","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution, low birth weight, and prematurity","volume":"108","author":"Bobak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.56.8.539","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes and outdoor air pollution: an ecological study in districts of the Czech Republic 1986-8","volume":"56","author":"Bobak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901300","article-title":"Exposure to metal-rich particulate matter modifies the expression of candidate microRNAs in peripheral blood leukocytes","volume":"118","author":"Bollati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib15","first-page":"341","article-title":"Impact of ambient air pollution on birth outcomes: systematic review of the current evidences","volume":"101","author":"Bonzini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Lav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-010-0514-z","article-title":"Ambient particulate matter and preterm birth or birth weight: a review of the literature","volume":"84","author":"Bosetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10952","article-title":"A cohort study of traffic-related air pollution impacts on birth outcomes","volume":"116","author":"Brauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib18","series-title":"GIS in Public Health Practice","first-page":"125","article-title":"Using modeled air pollution data for health surveillance","author":"Brindley","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30664-2","article-title":"Determination of gestational age by ultrasound","volume":"36","author":"Butt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0291-8","article-title":"Does air pollution play a role in infertility?: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Carr\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr403","article-title":"Time-to-event analysis of fine particle air pollution and preterm birth: results from North Carolina, 2001\u20132005","volume":"175","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9876.2012.01056.x","article-title":"A spatial time-to-event approach for estimating associations between air pollution and preterm birth: estimating associations between air pollution and preterm birth","volume":"62","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C Appl. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2012.05.001","article-title":"Physiologic adaptations to pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7642","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110807642","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408981","article-title":"Prenatal ambient air pollution, placental mitochondrial DNA content, and birth weight in the INMA (Spain) and ENVIRONAGE (Belgium) birth cohorts","volume":"124","author":"Clemente","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.06.044","article-title":"Modeling spatial effects of PM2.5 on term low birth weight in Los Angeles county","volume":"142","author":"Coker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.02.011","article-title":"Multi-pollutant exposure profiles associated with term low birth weight in Los Angeles county","volume":"91","author":"Coker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-309","article-title":"Low birth weight at term and the presence of fine particulate matter and carbon monoxide in the Brazilian Amazon: a population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"14","author":"da Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq342","article-title":"Association between maternal exposure to ambient air pollution and congenital heart disease: a register-based spatiotemporal analysis","volume":"173","author":"Dadvand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205575","article-title":"Maternal exposure to particulate air pollution and term birth weight: a multi-country evaluation of effect and heterogeneity","volume":"121","author":"Dadvand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206430","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and preeclampsia: a spatiotemporal analysis","volume":"121","author":"Dadvand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000107","article-title":"Residential proximity to major roads and term low birth weight: the roles of air pollution, heat, noise, and road-adjacent trees","volume":"25","author":"Dadvand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Camb. Mass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.01.017","article-title":"The EPIIC hypothesis: intrapartum effects on the neonatal epigenome and consequent health outcomes","volume":"80","author":"Dahlen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a7128f","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and preterm birth: a time-series analysis","volume":"20","author":"Darrow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107475","article-title":"Fetal growth and maternal exposure to particulate matter during pregnancy","volume":"107","author":"Dejmek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib36","unstructured":"Department of Health and Ageing and Health Council, 2002. Environmental health risk assessment. Guidelines for assessing human health risk from environmental hazards. Accesed on 15 May 2018: \u3008https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/internet\/main\/publishing.nsf\/content\/A12B57E41EC9F326CA257BF0001F9E7D\/$File\/Environmental-health-Risk-Assessment.pdf\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.05.010","article-title":"Place of work and residential exposure to ambient air pollution and birth outcomes in Scotland, using geographically fine pollution climate mapping estimates","volume":"140","author":"Dibben","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181cc86e8","article-title":"Protecting human health from air pollution: shifting from a single-pollutant to a multi-pollutant approach","volume":"21","author":"Dominici","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Camb. Mass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-5-3","article-title":"The association between low level exposures to ambient air pollution and term low birth weight: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Dugandzic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084007","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/8\/084007","article-title":"Association between airborne PM 2.5 chemical constituents and birth weight\u2014implication of buffer exposure assignment","volume":"9","author":"Ebisu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-146","article-title":"Seasonal ambient air pollution correlates strongly with spontaneous abortion in Mongolia","volume":"14","author":"Enkhmaa","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002918","article-title":"Residential exposure to outdoor air pollution during pregnancy and anthropometric measures at birth in a multicenter cohort in Spain","volume":"119","author":"Estarlich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib43","unstructured":"FAIRMODE, 2017. Guidance document on modelling quality objectives and benchmarking. Accessed on 15 August 2017: \u3008http:\/\/fairmode.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/downloads.html\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws029","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and the risk of stillbirth","volume":"176","author":"Faiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib45","first-page":"31","article-title":"Fetal growth restriction: current perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Faraci","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Prenat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306837","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution, preterm birth, and low birth weight: analysis of the world health organization global survey on maternal and perinatal health","volume":"122","author":"Fleischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2012.707632","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and term birth weight in Texas from 1998 to 2004","volume":"62","author":"Geer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi189","article-title":"Relation between ambient air quality and selected birth defects, seven county study, Texas, 1997\u20132000","volume":"162","author":"Gilboa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000101023.41844.ac","article-title":"Particulate air pollution and fetal health: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence","volume":"15","author":"Glinianaia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Camb. Mass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-8719.2010.00062.x","article-title":"Smaller birth size is associated with narrower retinal arterioles in early adolescence","volume":"17","author":"Gopinath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.58.1.11","article-title":"Association between ambient air pollution and birth weight in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"58","author":"Gouveia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2009.52","article-title":"Assessing exposure metrics for PM and birth weight models","volume":"20","author":"Gray","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu460","article-title":"Association of stillbirth with ambient air pollution in a California cohort study","volume":"181","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP36","article-title":"Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of methylation in children related to prenatal NO2 air pollution exposure","volume":"125","author":"Gruzieva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.08.002","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on adverse birth outcomes","volume":"134","author":"Ha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113900","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113900","article-title":"Socioeconomic position and low birth weight among mothers exposed to traffic-related air pollution","volume":"9","author":"Habermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01010.x","article-title":"Maternal exposure to low levels of ambient air pollution and preterm birth in Brisbane, Australia","volume":"113","author":"Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5408","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005408","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and birth defects in Brisbane, Australia","volume":"4","author":"Hansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409651","article-title":"Air pollution and preterm birth in the U.S. state of Georgia (2002\u20132006): associations with concentrations of 11 ambient air pollutants estimated by combining community multiscale air quality model (CMAQ) simulations with stationary monitor measurements","volume":"124","author":"Hao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s10666-015-9445-7","article-title":"Emission data uncertainty in urban air quality modeling\u2014case study","volume":"20","author":"Holnicki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-008-0348-y","article-title":"The association between major birth defects and preterm birth","volume":"13","author":"Honein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-8-59","article-title":"Residential traffic exposure and pregnancy-related outcomes: a prospective birth cohort study","volume":"8","author":"van den Hooven","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-10-S1-S1","article-title":"Born too soon: preterm birth matters","volume":"10","author":"Howson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-015-0050-4","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes: a natural experiment study","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Popul. Health Metr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003056","article-title":"Air pollution and stillbirth: a population-based case\u2013control study in Taiwan","volume":"119","author":"Hwang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1883","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001883","article-title":"Air pollution and the risk of cardiac defects: a population-based case-control study","volume":"94","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib67","unstructured":"IARC, 2013. Outdoor air pollution a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. Press release 221. Accessed on 9 August 2017: \u3008http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/environment-and-health\/air-quality\/news\/news\/2013\/10\/outdoor-air-pollution-a-leading-environmental-cause-of-cancer-deaths\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-6-16","article-title":"Impact of ambient air pollution on gestational age is modified by season in Sydney, Australia","volume":"6","author":"Jalaludin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib69","first-page":"875","article-title":"Association between air pollution and preterm birth among neonates born in Isfahan, Iran","volume":"218","author":"Janghorbani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2015.1048412","article-title":"Placental mitochondrial methylation and exposure to airborne particulate matter in the early life environment: an ENVIRONAGE birth cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Janssen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7065","article-title":"Estimated risk for altered fetal growth resulting from exposure to fine particles during pregnancy: an epidemiologic prospective cohort study in Poland","volume":"112","author":"Jedrychowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1510266","article-title":"Ambient fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and preterm birth in New York City","volume":"124","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.01.171","article-title":"Preterm birth and its associations with residence and ambient vehicular traffic exposure","volume":"215","author":"Kahr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib74","first-page":"691","article-title":"Expression of cord blood cytochrome P450 1A1 gene according to the air pollution level of the maternal residence area","volume":"19","author":"Kelishadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci. Off. J. Isfahan Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2013-0008","article-title":"Ultrafine particles in urban ambient air and their health perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib76","series-title":"Air Quality and Health","author":"K\u00fcnzli","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-017-0952-y","article-title":"Time to harmonize national ambient air quality standards","volume":"62","author":"Kutlar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2015011","DOI":"10.5620\/eht.e2015011","article-title":"A meta-analysis of exposure to particulate matter and adverse birth outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-18","article-title":"Investigating the association between birth weight and complementary air pollution metrics: a cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Laurent","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.04.026","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes: differences by maternal comorbidities","volume":"148","author":"Lavigne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.01.003","article-title":"Air pollutant exposure and preterm and term small-for-gestational-age births in Detroit, Michigan: long-term trends and associations","volume":"44","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31821c6c58","article-title":"Particulate air pollution exposure and C-reactive protein during early pregnancy","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.05.011","article-title":"Ambient air pollution exposure and blood pressure changes during pregnancy","volume":"117","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1028-5","article-title":"First trimester exposure to ambient air pollution, pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes in Allegheny county, PA","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP200","article-title":"Acute impact of hourly ambient air pollution on preterm birth","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.03.055","article-title":"Association between ambient fine particulate matter and preterm birth or term low birth weight: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"227","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-014-0283-6","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and birth defects in Haikou city, Hainan province","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu264","article-title":"Associations between ozone and preterm birth in women who develop gestational diabetes","volume":"181","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6251","article-title":"Association between gaseous ambient air pollutants and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Vancouver, Canada","volume":"111","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002212","article-title":"Maternal exposure to ambient levels of benzene and neural tube defects among offspring: texas, 1999\u20132004","volume":"119","author":"Lupo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib91","first-page":"52","article-title":"Association of air pollution on birth outcomes in new Delhi\u2013a pilot study on the potential of HMIS data for environmental public health tracking","volume":"8","author":"Magsumbol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib92","first-page":"351","article-title":"Relation between ambient air pollution and low birth weight in the Northeastern United States","volume":"109","author":"Maisonet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.014282","article-title":"Impact of ambient air pollution on birth weight in Sydney, Australia","volume":"62","author":"Mannes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-1-6","article-title":"Maternal exposure to low-level air pollution and pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study","volume":"1","author":"Maroziene","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20650","article-title":"Oral cleft defects and maternal exposure to ambient air pollutants in New Jersey","volume":"88","author":"Marshall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birt. Defects Res. A. Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000091","article-title":"Mental health of extremely low birth weight survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"Mathewson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11679","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and perinatal mortality: a case\u2013control study","volume":"117","author":"de Medeiros","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.01.006","article-title":"Associations between ambient air pollution and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"123","author":"Mobasher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib99","series-title":"The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology","author":"Moore","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-9-44","article-title":"Ambient air pollution exposure and full-term birth weight in California","volume":"9","author":"Morello-Frosch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.10.079","article-title":"Air pollution, inflammation and preterm birth in Mexico city: study design and methods","volume":"448","author":"O\u00b4Neill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007034","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007034","article-title":"Traffic pollution at the home address and pregnancy outcomes in Stockholm, Sweden","volume":"5","author":"Olsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib103","first-page":"545","article-title":"Fetal, infant, and childhood growth are predictors of coronary heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension in adult men and women","volume":"108","author":"Osmond","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12055","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and traffic exposures and congenital heart defects in the San Joaquin Valley of California: air pollution and congenital heart defects","volume":"27","author":"Padula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws367","article-title":"The association of ambient air pollution and traffic exposures with selected congenital anomalies in the San Joaquin Valley of California","volume":"177","author":"Padula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23175","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and selected birth defects in the San Joaquin Valley of California: air pollution and birth defects","volume":"97","author":"Padula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A. Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.10.004","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and risk of preterm birth in the San Joaquin Valley of California","volume":"24","author":"Padula","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.014","article-title":"Exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth","volume":"135","author":"Padula","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12244","article-title":"Air Pollution, Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Factors, and Neural Tube Defects in the San Joaquin Valley of California: air pollution, neighbourhood factors, and neural tube defects","volume":"29","author":"Padula","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.10.003","article-title":"No association between ambient particulate matter exposure during pregnancy and stillbirth risk in the north of England, 1962\u20131992","volume":"110","author":"Pearce","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03545","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Pedersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt216","article-title":"Fine particulate matter and risk of preterm birth in Connecticut in 2000\u20132006: a longitudinal study","volume":"179","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib113","first-page":"325","article-title":"Association between air pollution and intrauterine mortality in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"106","author":"Pereira","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-010-9419-2","article-title":"Impact of short-term preconceptional exposure to particulate air pollution on treatment outcome in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF\/ET)","volume":"27","author":"Perin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2011.627011","article-title":"Effects of ambient air pollution on birth outcomes: an overview","volume":"43","author":"Polichetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi173","article-title":"Preterm birth: the interaction of traffic-related air pollution with economic hardship in Los Angeles neighborhoods","volume":"162","author":"Ponce","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-613","article-title":"A study protocol to evaluate the relationship between outdoor air pollution and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.082792","article-title":"Ambient air pollutant concentrations during pregnancy and the risk of fetal growth restriction","volume":"63","author":"Rich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2007.00161.x","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes: methodologic issues in an emerging field","volume":"102","author":"Ritz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.1.17","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and risk of birth defects in Southern California","volume":"155","author":"Ritz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm181","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and preterm birth in the environment and pregnancy outcomes study at the University of California, Los Angeles","volume":"166","author":"Ritz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0043-2","article-title":"The pregnancy exposome","volume":"2","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010248","article-title":"Association of very low birth weight with exposures to environmental sulfur dioxide and total suspended particulates","volume":"151","author":"Rogers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww007","article-title":"Placental nitrosative stress and exposure to ambient air pollution during gestation: a population study","volume":"184","author":"Saenen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7646","article-title":"A time series analysis of air pollution and preterm birth in Pennsylvania, 1997\u20132001","volume":"113","author":"Sagiv","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12066","article-title":"Gender dimorphic increase in RBP-4 and NGAL in children born after IVF: an epigenetic phenomenon?","volume":"43","author":"Sakka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-010-0106-3","article-title":"Exposure to particulate matter and adverse birth outcomes: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Sapkota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000349","article-title":"Ambient fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in New York City","volume":"26","author":"Savitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der241","article-title":"Factors affecting obstetric outcome of singletons born after IVF","volume":"26","author":"Sazonova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408675","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and newborn size and adiposity at birth: differences by maternal ethnicity (the Born in Bradford study cohort)","volume":"123","author":"Schembari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib131","first-page":"451","article-title":"Identifying critical windows of exposure for children\u2019s health","volume":"108","author":"Selevan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.10.009","article-title":"Air pollution and birth outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4137\/CMPed.S40070","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction: antenatal and postnatal aspects","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2015-103086","article-title":"Prenatal ambient air pollution exposure and the risk of stillbirth: systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence","volume":"73","author":"Siddika","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10047","article-title":"Traffic-related atmospheric pollutants levels during pregnancy and offspring\u2019s term birth weight: a study relying on a land-use regression exposure model","volume":"115","author":"Slama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11074","article-title":"Meeting report: atmospheric pollution and human reproduction","volume":"116","author":"Slama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5742(99)00048-4","article-title":"Adverse reproductive outcomes from exposure to environmental mutagens","volume":"428","author":"Sr\u00e1m","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6362","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and pregnancy outcomes: a review of the literature","volume":"113","author":"\u0160r\u00e1m","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.05.007","article-title":"Ambient air pollution, birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"Stieb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.04.025","article-title":"A national study of the association between traffic-related air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Canada, 1999\u20132008","volume":"148","author":"Stieb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp011","article-title":"Ambient Air Pollution and cardiovascular malformations in Atlanta, Georgia, 1986\u20132003","volume":"169","author":"Strickland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.080499","article-title":"The issue of confounding in epidemiological studies of ambient air pollution and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"63","author":"Strickland","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0738-2","article-title":"The association between fine particulate matter exposure during pregnancy and preterm birth: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.12.022","article-title":"The associations between birth weight and exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its chemical constituents during pregnancy: a meta-analysis","volume":"211","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev076","article-title":"Increased risk of preterm birth and low birthweight with very high number of oocytes following IVF: an analysis of singleton live birth outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Sunkara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1446-7","article-title":"Maternal exposure to fine particulate pollution during narrow gestational periods and newborn health in Harris county, Texas","volume":"18","author":"Symanski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"issue":"98","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01382.x","article-title":"Early life, the epigenome and human health","volume":"1992","author":"Szyf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Oslo Nor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.124","article-title":"Exploring prenatal outdoor air pollution, birth outcomes and neonatal health care utilization in a nationally representative sample","volume":"23","author":"Trasande","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2016.1155012","article-title":"Air pollution-induced placental epigenetic alterations in early life: a candidate miRNA approach","author":"Tsamou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002946","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and aeta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Vrijheid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/env.2174","article-title":"Bayesian spatial-temporal model for cardiac congenital anomalies and ambient air pollution risk assessment: bayesian model for cardiac congenital anomalies","volume":"23","author":"Warren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/387452","article-title":"Air pollution metric analysis while determining susceptible periods of pregnancy for low birth weight","volume":"2013","author":"Warren","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib153","unstructured":"Wells, G.A., Shea, B., O'Connell, D.,Peterson, J., Welch,V., Losos, M., Tugwell, P., 2018. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Accessed on 3 May 2018: \u3008http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib154","unstructured":"WHO, 1996. Linkage methods for environment and health analysis. General guidelines. Accessed on 25 August 2017: \u3008http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/62988\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib155","unstructured":"WHO, 2004. Low birthweight. Country, regional and global estimates. Accessed on 10 August 2017: \u3008http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/43184\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib156","unstructured":"WHO, 2012. Born too soon. The global action report on preterm birth. Accesed on 15 May 2018: \u3008www.who.int\/pmnch\/media\/news\/2012\/201204_borntoosoon-report.pdf\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib157","unstructured":"WHO, 2013. What health challenges do preterm babies face? Online Q&A. Accessed on 10 August 2017: \u3008http:\/\/www.who.int\/features\/qa\/preterm_health_challenges\/en\/\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib158","unstructured":"WHO, 2014. WHA Global nutrition targets 2025: Low birth weight policy brief. Accessed on 9 August 2017: \u3008http:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/publications\/globaltargets2025_policybrief_lbw\/en\/\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib159","unstructured":"WHO, 2016. Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health. Fact sheet. Retrieved from \u3008http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs313\/en\/\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib160","unstructured":"WHO, 2017. Global health observatory data. Ambient air pollution. Retrieved from \u3008http:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/phe\/outdoor_air_pollution\/en\/\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib161","first-page":"821","article-title":"Relationship between ambient air pollution and DNA damage in Polish mothers and newborns","volume":"106","author":"Whyatt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5688","article-title":"Residential proximity to traffic and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles county, California, 1994\u20131996","volume":"111","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7751","article-title":"Local variations in CO and particulate air pollution and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles county, California, USA","volume":"113","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.12.012","article-title":"Methodological issues in studies of air pollution and reproductive health","volume":"109","author":"Woodruff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.03.008","article-title":"Comparing exposure assessment methods for traffic-related air pollution in an adverse pregnancy outcome study","volume":"111","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.10.002","article-title":"The correlation between indoor and outdoor particulate matter of different building types in Daqing","volume":"205","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Procedia Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib167","series-title":"Basic Environmental Health","author":"Yassi","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu346","article-title":"Does the type of culture medium used influence birthweight of children born after IVF?","volume":"30","author":"Zandstra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib169","series-title":"Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology","first-page":"152","article-title":"Duration of gestation and timing of birth","author":"Zhang","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.19.1690","article-title":"What's the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes","volume":"280","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.12.009","article-title":"Ambient air pollutant PM10 and risk of preterm birth in Lanzhou, China","volume":"76","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3458-7","article-title":"Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and pregnancy outcomes: a meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935118303700?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935118303700?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]],"date-time":"2019-06-21T03:03:17Z","timestamp":1561086197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935118303700"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":172,"alternative-id":["S0013935118303700"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ambient air pollution and pregnancy outcomes: A comprehensive review and identification of environmental public health challenges","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}