{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:30:01Z","timestamp":1790163001548,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,5]],"date-time":"2020-01-05T21:09:06Z","timestamp":1578258546000},"page":"109100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Impact of extreme temperatures on ambulance dispatches in London, UK"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Kamolrat","family":"Sangkharat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marliyyah A.","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Thornes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis D.","family":"Pope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib1","series-title":"Textbook of Work Physiology\u00a0: Physiological Bases of Exercise","author":"\u00c5strand","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.07.005","article-title":"Emergency ambulance dispatches and apparent temperature: a time series analysis in Emilia-Romagna","volume":"111","author":"Alessandrini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Italy Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069638","article-title":"Impact of summer heat on urban population mortality in europe during the 1990s: an evaluation of years of life lost adjusted for harvesting","volume":"8","author":"Baccini","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.101485","article-title":"The relationship between temperature and ambulance response calls for heat-related illness in Toronto, Ontario, 2005","volume":"65","author":"Bassil","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib5","article-title":"High ambient temperature and mortality: a review of epidemiologic studies from 2001 to 2008","volume":"8","author":"Basu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Heal. A Glob. Access Sci. Source"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxf007","article-title":"Relation between elevated ambient temperature and mortality: a review of the epidemiologic evidence","volume":"24","author":"Basu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deaths attributed to heat, cold, and other weather events in the United States, 2006-2010","author":"Berko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Natl. Health Stat. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib8","article-title":"The effects ambient temperature on the incidence of myocardial infarction \u2013","volume":"3","author":"Bhaskaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt092","article-title":"Time series regression studies in environmental epidemiology","volume":"42","author":"Bhaskaran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2015.08.002","article-title":"Impact of subtropical climate on frequency of ambulance use for trauma patients in a coastal area of China","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Traumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-016-1173-4","article-title":"Impacts of temperature change on ambulance dispatches and seasonal effect modification","volume":"60","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70036-8","article-title":"Effect of a comprehensive quality management process on compliance with protocol in an emergency medical dispatch center","author":"Clawson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2004.022962","volume":"23","author":"Deakin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.04.026","article-title":"Monitoring the effect of air pollution episodes on health care consultations and ambulance call-outs in England during March\/April 2014: a retrospective observational analysis","volume":"214","author":"Elliot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002619","article-title":"Mortality attributable to hot and cold ambient temperatures in India: a nationally representative case-crossover study","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v043.i08","article-title":"Distributed lag linear and non-linear models in R: the package dlnm","volume":"43","author":"Gasparrini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-55","article-title":"Attributable risk from distributed lag models","volume":"14","author":"Gasparrini","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62114-0","article-title":"Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study","volume":"386","author":"Gasparrini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409070","article-title":"Temporal variation in heat \u2013 mortality Associations\u00a0: a multicountry study","volume":"1200","author":"Gasparrini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib20","first-page":"890","article-title":"The respiratory system in a cold environment","volume":"66","author":"Giesbrecht","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103598","article-title":"The impact of temperature on mortality in Tianjin, China: a case-crossover design with a distributed lag nonlinear model","volume":"119","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000165","article-title":"Europe PMC Funders Group Global variation in the effects of ambient temperature on mortality\u00a0: a systematic evaluation","volume":"25","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.029017","article-title":"Heat-related and cold-related deaths in England and Wales: who is at risk? Occup","volume":"64","author":"Hajat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437882","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1437882","article-title":"Effects of high ambient temperature on ambulance dispatches in different age groups in Fukuoka","volume":"11","author":"Kotani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Japan Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Extreme ambient temperatures and cardiorespiratory emergency room visits: assessing risk by comorbid health conditions in a time series study","volume":"13","author":"Lavigne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Heal. A Glob. Access Sci. Source"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-006-5039-0","article-title":"Syndromic surveillance use to detect the early effects of heat-waves: an analysis of NHS direct data in England","volume":"51","author":"Leonardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sozial- Pr\u00e4ventivmed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib27","author":"London Ambulance Service"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/cli5030061","article-title":"Impact of air temperature on London ambulance call-out incidents and response times","volume":"5","author":"Mahmood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Climate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9074","article-title":"Extreme temperatures and mortality: assessing effect modification by personal characteristics and specific cause of death in a multi-city case-only analysis","author":"Medina-Ram\u00f3n","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200802-217OC","article-title":"High temperature and hospitalizations for cardiovascular and respiratory causes in 12 european cities","volume":"179","author":"Michelozzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib31","series-title":"Ambulance Response Programme Review NHS England Gateway Publication Reference: 08296 Ambulance Response Programme Review","author":"NHS","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002259","article-title":"All-Cause and cause-specific risk of emergency transport attributable to temperature: a nationwide study","author":"Onozuka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2009.086363","article-title":"Role of ambulance response times in the survival of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest","volume":"28","author":"O'Keeffe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos9050182","article-title":"Ambulance service resource planning for extreme temperatures: analysis of ambulance 999 calls during episodes of extreme temperature in London, UK","volume":"9","author":"Papadakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmosphere (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7299.1385","article-title":"Effect of reducing ambulance response times on deaths from out of hospital cardiac arrest: cohort study","volume":"322","author":"Pell","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib36","first-page":"775","article-title":"Urban morbidity in summer: ambulance dispatch data, periodicity and weather","volume":"7","author":"Petralli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Med."},{"issue":"Part A","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib37","article-title":"The impact of air pollutants on ambulance dispatches: a systematic review and meta-analysis of acute effects","volume":"254","author":"Sangkharat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.11.001","article-title":"The association between ambient temperature and mortality in South Africa: a time-series analysis","volume":"161","author":"Scovronick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60898-3","article-title":"Global association of air pollution and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"382","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.060715","article-title":"Factors affecting in-hospital heat-related mortality: a multi-city case-crossover analysis","volume":"62","author":"Stafoggia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib41","author":"Suzanne"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2012-201817","article-title":"Ambulance call-outs and response times in Birmingham and the impact of extreme weather and climate change","volume":"31","author":"Thornes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Utility of ambulance data for real-time syndromic surveillance: a pilot in the west midlands region, United Kingdom. Prehosp","volume":"32","author":"Todkill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disaster Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib45","series-title":"Ambulance Response Programme Evaluation of Phase 1 and Phase 2 Final Report","author":"Turner","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv205","article-title":"Associations of inter- and intraday temperature change with mortality","volume":"183","author":"Vicedo-Cabrera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4639-00322","article-title":"What can we learn today from the Central European smog episode of 1985 (and earlier episodes)?","volume":"207","author":"Wichmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib48","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-011-0497-3","article-title":"Daily average temperature and mortality among the elderly\u00a0: a meta-analysis and systematic review of epidemiological evidence 569\u2013581","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207187","article-title":"Effects of ambient temperature on ambulance emergency call-outs in the subtropical city of Shenzhen, China","author":"Zhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.02.010","article-title":"Ambient temperature and emergency department visits: time-series analysis in 12 Chinese cities","volume":"224","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935119308965?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935119308965?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T20:20:40Z","timestamp":1757967640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935119308965"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0013935119308965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impact of extreme temperatures on ambulance dispatches in London, UK","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109100","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109100"}}