{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:54:25Z","timestamp":1790888065198,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"UK Biobank Resource","award":["41535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41535"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T03:05:26Z","timestamp":1583895926000},"page":"109365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Association between exposure to air pollution and prefrontal cortical volume in adults: A cross-sectional study from the UK biobank"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Shawn D.","family":"Gale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance D.","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawson W.","family":"Hedges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.034","article-title":"Image processing and Quality Control for the first 10,000 brain imaging datasets from UK Biobank","volume":"166","author":"Alfaro-Almagro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.04.028","article-title":"Clinical effects of air pollution on the central nervous system; a review","volume":"43","author":"Babadjouni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu341","article-title":"Acute air pollution exposure and risk of suicide completion","volume":"181","author":"Bakian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30261-4","article-title":"The impact of air pollution on deaths, disease burden, and life expectancy across the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"3","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.05.016","article-title":"Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: a population-based perspective","volume":"11","author":"Baumgart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.02.037","article-title":"Development of NO2 and NOx land use regression models for estimating air pollution exposure in 36 study areas in Europe - the ESCAPE project","volume":"72","author":"Beelen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.12.031","article-title":"Prefrontal white matter pathology in air pollution exposed Mexico City young urbanites and their potential impact on neurovascular unit dysfunction and the development of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"146","author":"Calderon-Garciduenas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan8868","article-title":"What constitutes the prefrontal cortex?","volume":"358","author":"Carlen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00495","article-title":"A voxel-based morphometry study reveals local brain structural alterations associated with ambient fine particles in older women","volume":"10","author":"Casanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2015.11.008","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of traffic-related air pollution","volume":"59","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12089","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30568-6","article-title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of outdoor air pollution exposure and cognitive function in UK Biobank","volume":"8","author":"Cullen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11195","DOI":"10.1021\/es301948k","article-title":"Development of Land Use Regression models for PM(2.5), PM(2.5) absorbance, PM(10) and PM(coarse) in 20 European study areas; results of the ESCAPE project","volume":"46","author":"Eeftens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4230","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013361108","article-title":"Distributed and causal influence of frontal operculum in task control","volume":"108","author":"Higo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.374","article-title":"Road traffic air and noise pollution exposure assessment - a review of tools and techniques","volume":"634","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.07.013","article-title":"Normal age-related brain morphometric changes: nonuniformity across cortical thickness, surface area and gray matter volume?","volume":"33","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31363-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care","volume":"390","author":"Livingston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(01)00165-9","article-title":"Frontal lobe dysfunction in long-term cannabis users","volume":"23","author":"Lundqvist","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx155","article-title":"Contribution of socioeconomic status at 3 life-course periods to late-life memory function and decline: early and late predictors of dementia risk","volume":"186","author":"Marden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4393","article-title":"Multimodal population brain imaging in the UK Biobank prospective epidemiological study","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1590\/2237-6089-2015-0088","article-title":"Frontal lobe alterations in schizophrenia: a review","volume":"38","author":"Mubarik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0056","article-title":"Association of air pollution exposure with psychotic experiences during adolescence","volume":"76","author":"Newbury","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01088","article-title":"The ventromedial frontal lobe contributes to forming effective Solutions to real-world problems","volume":"29","author":"Peters","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.01.016","article-title":"Widespread structural brain changes in OCD: a systematic review of voxel-based morphometry studies","volume":"62","author":"Piras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.06.004","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution as a potential contributor to cognitive function, cognitive decline, brain imaging, and dementia: a systematic review of epidemiologic research","volume":"56","author":"Power","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2152","article-title":"The association of long-term exposure to particulate matter air pollution with brain MRI findings: the ARIC study","volume":"126","author":"Power","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/7.3.268","article-title":"Selective aging of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: differential vulnerability of the prefrontal gray matter","volume":"7","author":"Raz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cerebr. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi044","article-title":"Regional brain changes in aging healthy adults: general trends, individual differences and modifiers","volume":"15","author":"Raz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebr. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/03610919008812874","article-title":"Assessing the contribution of individual variables following rejection of a multivariate hypothesis","volume":"19","author":"Rencher","year":"1990","journal-title":"Commun. Stat. Simulat. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32834c7eb9","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: relation to executive dysfunction and the frontal lobes","volume":"24","author":"Stuss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.2.279","article-title":"The frontal lobes are necessary for 'theory of mind","volume":"124","author":"Stuss","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.011","article-title":"Insights into human behavior from lesions to the prefrontal cortex","volume":"83","author":"Szczepanski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108638","article-title":"Fine particulate matter is a potential determinant of Alzheimer's disease: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"177","author":"Tsai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib34","series-title":"Ambient (Outdoor) Air Quality and Health","volume":"Vol.","author":"Who","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib35","first-page":"1299","article-title":"Meta-analysis of modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"86","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.02.005","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex and executive functions in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of structural neuroimaging studies","volume":"42","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935120302589?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935120302589?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T20:16:58Z","timestamp":1757967418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935120302589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0013935120302589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Association between exposure to air pollution and prefrontal cortical volume in adults: A cross-sectional study from the UK biobank","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109365","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109365"}}