{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:46:08Z","timestamp":1793155568638,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":244,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T11:01:40Z","timestamp":1586170900000},"page":"109465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Molecular and cellular mechanisms linking air pollution and bone damage"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Diddier","family":"Prada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Solleiro-Villavicencio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Garcia-Cuellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea A.","family":"Baccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22485","article-title":"The prenatal toxic effect of methylmercury on the development of the appendicular skeleton of rat fetuses and the protective role of vitamin E","volume":"295","author":"Abd El-Aziz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R29","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2936","article-title":"Interleukin-17A upregulates receptor activator of NF-kappaB on osteoclast precursors","volume":"12","author":"Adamopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfy111","article-title":"Air pollution and kidney disease: review of current evidence","volume":"12","author":"Afsar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.2.111","article-title":"The impact of atmospheric pollution on vitamin D status of infants and toddlers in Delhi, India","volume":"87","author":"Agarwal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21212","article-title":"Benzyl butyl phthalate influences actin distribution and cell proliferation in rat Py1a osteoblasts","volume":"101","author":"Agas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-012-0988-y","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors and bone metabolism","volume":"87","author":"Agas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3109\/13685538.2013.836482","article-title":"Lead exposure is a risk for worsening bone mineral density in middle-aged male workers","volume":"17","author":"Akbal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Male: Off. J. Int. Soc. Stud. Aging Male"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225341","article-title":"The heavy metals lead and cadmium are cytotoxic to human bone osteoblasts via induction of redox stress","volume":"14","author":"Al-Ghafari","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.02.010","article-title":"Induction of IL-6 and inhibition of IL-8 secretion in the human airway cell line Calu-3 by urban particulate matter collected with a modified method of PM sampling","volume":"109","author":"Alfaro-Moreno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27438","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.023572","article-title":"Increased lipid oxidation causes oxidative stress, increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 expression, and diminished pro-osteogenic Wnt signaling in the skeleton","volume":"284","author":"Almeida","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt079","article-title":"Basic biology of skeletal aging: role of stress response pathways","volume":"68","author":"Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Series A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0424-y","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution and bone mineral density in elderly men\u2014the Oslo health study","volume":"18","author":"Alvaer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int.: J. Established Result Coop. Between the Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.01.030","article-title":"Effects of 3,3\u2019,4,4\u2019,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) on vertebral bone mineralization and on thyroxin and vitamin D levels in Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"187","author":"Alvarez-Lloret","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-1130-8","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution, bone density and self-reported forearm fracture: the Oslo Health Study","volume":"21","author":"Alver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int.: J. Established Result Coop. Between the Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.06.007","article-title":"Effects of cobalt and chromium ions at clinically equivalent concentrations after metal-on-metal hip replacement on human osteoblasts and osteoclasts: implications for skeletal health","volume":"49","author":"Andrews","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.12.006","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the atmosphere: their effects on humans and wildlife","volume":"76","author":"Annamalai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1265\/jjh.72.149","article-title":"Itai-itai disease: lessons from the investigations of environmental epidemiology conducted in the 1970's, with special reference to the studies of the Toyama institute of health","volume":"72","author":"Aoshima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi. Japan. J. Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-010-0101-8","article-title":"Particulate air pollution, systemic oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Araujo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2009.04.001","article-title":"Effect of arsenic in endochondral ossification of experimental animals","volume":"62","author":"Aybar Odstrcil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol.: Off. J. Gesellschaft Fur Toxikol. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-2619(93)90076-2","article-title":"Oxides of nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere: trends, sources, sinks and environmental impacts","volume":"46","author":"Badr","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.06.029","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in 43 Chinese cities","volume":"39","author":"Barletta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.07.007","article-title":"TLR-2 is involved in airway epithelial cell response to air pollution particles","volume":"203","author":"Becker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4840531","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4840531","article-title":"The effectiveness of physical exercise on bone density in osteoporotic patients","volume":"2018","author":"Benedetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2012.09.003","article-title":"Di 2-ethyl hexyl phthalate affects differentiation and matrix mineralization of rat calvarial osteoblasts\u2014in vitro","volume":"27","author":"Bhat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitro: Int. J. Publ. Assoc. BIBRA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.05.015","article-title":"Cadmium osteotoxicity in experimental animals: mechanisms and relationship to human exposures","volume":"238","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2008.11.004","article-title":"The dual role of IL-6-type cytokines on bone remodeling and bone tumors","volume":"20","author":"Blanchard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00953-5","article-title":"The effects of estrogen on osteoprotegerin, RANKL, and estrogen receptor expression in human osteoblasts","volume":"32","author":"Bord","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.04.076","article-title":"Lactational exposure to dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl 169 and nondioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl 155: effects on rat femur growth, biomechanics and mineral composition","volume":"180","author":"Brankovi\u010d","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22309","article-title":"Alterations in geometry, biomechanics, and mineral composition of juvenile rat femur induced by nonplanar PCB-155 and\/or planar PCB-169","volume":"32","author":"Brankovi\u010d","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.085738","article-title":"The association between urban or rural locality and hip fracture in community-based adults: a systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Brennan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Comm. Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4189-7","article-title":"Inflammatory diseases and bone fragility","volume":"28","author":"Briot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int.: J. Established Result Coop. Between the Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.061113","article-title":"Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005-2025","volume":"22","author":"Burge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res.: Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone and Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.04.005","article-title":"Dioxin disrupts cranial cartilage and dermal bone development in zebrafish larvae","volume":"164","author":"Burns","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol. (Amsterdam, Netherlands)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.01.001","article-title":"Arsenic trioxide induces the apoptosis in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by intracellular calcium signal and caspase-3 pathways","volume":"193","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2478\/10004-1254-64-2013-2219","article-title":"Exposure to urban air pollution and bone health in clinically healthy six-year-old children","volume":"64","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arh. Hig. Rad. Toksikol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9716","article-title":"The association between blood lead levels and osteoporosis among adults\u2014results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III)","volume":"115","author":"Campbell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.04.020","article-title":"Ambient particulate matter activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in dendritic cells and enhances Th17 polarization","volume":"292","author":"Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e733","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000733","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution increases the risk of osteoporosis: a nationwide longitudinal study","volume":"94","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31803b8e8c","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution: ozone health effects","volume":"333","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2011.03.007","article-title":"Bone mineral density is related with previous renal dysfunction caused by cadmium exposure","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.05.081","article-title":"PM2.5-bound phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Beijing: seasonal distributions and human exposure via inhalation","volume":"241","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3051-z","article-title":"Living near a freeway is associated with lower bone mineral density among Mexican Americans","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int.: J. Established Result Coop. Between the Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980200002","article-title":"Evaluation of the age-adjusted incidence of hip fractures between urban and rural areas: the difference is not related to the prevalence of institutions for the elderly","volume":"13","author":"Chevalley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int.: J. Established Result Coop. Between the Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.25634","article-title":"A review on the effects of bisphenol A and its derivatives on skeletal health","volume":"15","author":"Chin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2016.08.036","article-title":"Osteoblasts activate the Nrf2 signalling pathway in response to arsenic trioxide treatment","volume":"79","author":"Chiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980200032","article-title":"Symptomatic fracture incidence in southern Tasmania: does living in the country reduce your fracture risk?","volume":"13","author":"Cooley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int.: J. Established Result Coop. Between the Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01673397","article-title":"The epidemiology of fragility fractures: is there a role for bone quality?","volume":"53","author":"Cooper","year":"1993","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"issue":"2A","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)90022-X","article-title":"The crippling consequences of fractures and their impact on quality of life","volume":"103","author":"Cooper","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1159\/000113170","article-title":"Growth and bone development","volume":"61","author":"Cooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nestle Nutr. Workshop Series. Paediatr. Prog."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12224","article-title":"Redox regulation of protein kinases","volume":"280","author":"Corcoran","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"issue":"Suppl. 5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib51","first-page":"S29","article-title":"Role of collagen and other organics in the mechanical properties of bone","volume":"14","author":"Currey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int.: J. Established Result Coop. Between the Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.01.024","article-title":"The impact of fragility fracture and approaches to osteoporosis risk assessment worldwide","volume":"104","author":"Curtis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00301626","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, steroid hormones, and bone mineral density in young women","volume":"50","author":"Daniel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S102230","article-title":"Overview of air pollution and endocrine disorders","volume":"11","author":"Darbre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2007.048868","article-title":"The cell biology of bone metabolism","volume":"61","author":"Datta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.02.022","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutants and penile bone mineral density in East Greenland and Canadian polar bears (Ursus maritimus) during 1996-2015","volume":"114","author":"Daugaard-Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.12.009","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutants, skull size and bone density of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland 1892-2015 and Svalbard 1964-2004","volume":"162","author":"Daugaard-Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2015.1111312","article-title":"Associations between bone mineral density and urinary phthalate metabolites among post-menopausal women: a cross-sectional study of NHANES data 2005-2010","volume":"26","author":"DeFlorio-Barker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib59","series-title":"The AH Receptor in Biology and Toxicology","first-page":"63","article-title":"AHR ligands: promiscuity in binding and diversity in response","author":"DeGroot","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2008.10.001","article-title":"Effect of different doses of hexavalent chromium on mandibular growth and tooth eruption in juvenile Wistar rats","volume":"61","author":"De Lucca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol.: Off. J. Gesellschaft Fur Toxikol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.43.100901.135828","article-title":"Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by structurally diverse exogenous and endogenous chemicals","volume":"43","author":"Denison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(93)90352-B","article-title":"Regional differences in hip fracture risk in Turkey","volume":"14","author":"Dilsen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2325","article-title":"Circulating levels of inflammatory markers predict change in bone mineral density and resorption in older adults: a longitudinal study","volume":"93","author":"Ding","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-012-0241-8","article-title":"Biochemical effects of lead exposure on battery manufacture workers with reference to blood pressure, calcium metabolism and bone mineral density","volume":"28","author":"Dongre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem.: Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2007.09.004","article-title":"Concentration, sources and ozone formation potential of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during ozone episode in Beijing","volume":"88","author":"Duan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317215","article-title":"Role of RANK ligand in mediating increased bone resorption in early postmenopausal women","volume":"111","author":"Eghbali-Fatourechi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investigat."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5401","DOI":"10.1039\/a905097c","article-title":"Photooxidation of trace gases in the troposphere plenary lecture","volume":"1","author":"Ehhalt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib68","first-page":"47","article-title":"Body composition and its relation to bone mass and fractures in an urban and a rural population","volume":"5","author":"Elmst\u00e5hl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(94)90002-7","article-title":"Characterization of the developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate in rats","volume":"86","author":"Ema","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(93)90202-4","article-title":"Teratogenic phase specificity of butyl benzyl phthalate in rats","volume":"79","author":"Ema","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.03.018","article-title":"Associations between dietary cadmium exposure and bone mineral density and risk of osteoporosis and fractures among women","volume":"50","author":"Engstr\u00f6m","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib72","volume":"vol. 16","author":"Erdogan","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678508992970","article-title":"Epidemiology of hip fractures in Norway","volume":"56","author":"Falch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(93)90086-P","article-title":"Secular increase and geographical differences in hip fracture incidence in Norway","volume":"14","author":"Falch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib75","author":"Farooqui"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-017-0323-6","article-title":"Impact of air pollution on vitamin D deficiency and bone health in adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Feizabad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib77","first-page":"221","article-title":"Bone mineral density and osteoporosis in rural and urban women. Epidemiological study of the Lublin region (Eastern Poland)","volume":"8","author":"Filip","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med.: AAEM"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.12.011","article-title":"Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure on bone material properties","volume":"43","author":"Finnil\u00e4","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"218","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198705000-00016","article-title":"Changing incidence of hip fractures in rural and urban areas of central Norway","author":"Finsen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200402000-00028","article-title":"Hip fracture incidence in central Norway: a followup study","volume":"419","author":"Finsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421746","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/421746","article-title":"Biology of bone tissue: structure, function, and factors that influence bone cells","volume":"2015","author":"Florencio-Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0100-7","article-title":"Bone quality: the determinants of bone strength and fragility","volume":"44","author":"Fonseca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.06.040","article-title":"Ubiquity of bisphenol A in the atmosphere","volume":"158","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9035","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.405456","article-title":"Estrogen receptor \u03b1 mediates proliferation of osteoblastic cells stimulated by estrogen and mechanical strain, but their acute down-regulation of the Wnt antagonist Sost is mediated by estrogen receptor \u03b2","volume":"288","author":"Galea","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650060112","article-title":"Bone mass in an urban and a rural population: a comparative, population-based study in southern Sweden","volume":"6","author":"G\u00e4rdsell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res.: Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone and Miner. Res."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370500224482","article-title":"Disruption of iron homeostasis as a mechanism of biologic effect by ambient air pollution particles","volume":"17","author":"Ghio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2016.05.026","article-title":"Air pollution particles and iron homeostasis","volume":"1860","author":"Ghio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.5b00270","article-title":"Wood smoke particle sequesters cell iron to impact a biological effect","volume":"28","author":"Ghio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2018.1530316","article-title":"The toxicology of air pollution predicts its epidemiology","volume":"30","author":"Ghio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240540211","article-title":"2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin inhibits differentiation of normal diploid rat osteoblasts in vitro","volume":"54","author":"Gierthy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070025","article-title":"Organochlorines and bone mineral density in Swedish men from the general population","volume":"11","author":"Glynn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int.: J. Established Result Coop. Between the Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.05.010","article-title":"Differences in bone mineral status between urban and rural Chinese men and women","volume":"41","author":"Gu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.04.108","article-title":"Associations of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with bone mass density and osteoporosis in U.S. adults, NHANES 2005-2010","volume":"240","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.06.863","article-title":"Effects of alkylphenols on bone metabolism in vivo and in vitro","volume":"181","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.09.002","article-title":"New insights to the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in bone phenotype and in dioxin-induced modulation of bone microarchitecture and material properties","volume":"273","author":"Herlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.04.006","article-title":"Quantitative characterization of changes in bone geometry, mineral density and biomechanical properties in two rat strains with different Ah-receptor structures after long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin","volume":"273","author":"Herlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2008.09.005","article-title":"In utero and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) affects bone tissue in rhesus monkeys","volume":"253","author":"Hermsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11107","article-title":"Bone mineral density changes in relation to environmental PCB exposure","volume":"116","author":"Hodgson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-519","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on vitamin D status in healthy women: a cross sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Hosseinpanah","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.01.023","article-title":"The chronic kidney disease - mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD): advances in pathophysiology","volume":"100","author":"Hruska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199507203330307","article-title":"Renal osteodystrophy","volume":"333","author":"Hruska","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.01311","article-title":"Dioxin exposure impairs BMP-2-mediated spinal fusion in a rat arthrodesis model","volume":"97","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.03.012","article-title":"Arsenic trioxide affects bone remodeling by effects on osteoblast differentiation and function","volume":"50","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5519","article-title":"Effects of submicrometer particle compositions on cytokine production and lipid peroxidation of human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"111","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"9\u201311","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.07.020","article-title":"Bisphenol A reduces differentiation and stimulates apoptosis of osteoclasts and osteoblasts","volume":"93","author":"Hwang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220919110","article-title":"Smoke carcinogens cause bone loss through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and induction of Cyp1 enzymes","volume":"110","author":"Iqbal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceed. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.10.1812","article-title":"Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on bone in two rat strains with different aryl hydrocarbon receptor structures","volume":"16","author":"J\u00e4ms\u00e4","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res.: Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone and Miner. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678909149277","article-title":"Hip fracture incidence in Lund, Sweden, 1966-1986","volume":"60","author":"Jarnlo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14211","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808345200","article-title":"The orphan nuclear receptor estrogen receptor-related receptor gamma negatively regulates BMP2-induced osteoblast differentiation and bone formation","volume":"284","author":"Jeong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623181","article-title":"Differences in fracture pattern between an urban and a rural population: a comparative population-based study in southern Sweden","volume":"2","author":"J\u00f3nsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int.: J. Established Result Coop. Between the Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00571331","article-title":"Life-style and different fracture prevalence: a cross-sectional comparative population-based study","volume":"52","author":"J\u00f3nsson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00247-0","article-title":"Incidence of hip fracture in Oslo, Norway: differences within the city","volume":"22","author":"Kaastad","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-014-0091-6","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of cobalt and nickel ions on osteocytes in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Kanaji","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2012.050","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation and air\u2013soil exchange of atmospheric PAHs and PCBs in an industrial region","volume":"3","author":"Kaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307909","article-title":"Association of perfluoroalkyl substances, bone mineral density, and osteoporosis in the U.S. Population in NHANES 2009-2010","volume":"124","author":"Khalil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2012.19.2.87","article-title":"Serum bisphenol a concentration in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.10.005","article-title":"A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181849","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/181849","article-title":"Immunological reaction in TNF-\u03b1-mediated osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro and in vivo","volume":"2013","author":"Kitaura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.02.019","article-title":"Dioxins interfere with differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts","volume":"44","author":"Korkalainen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6841","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07359-6","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substances in human bone: concentrations in bones and effects on bone cell differentiation","volume":"7","author":"Koskela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib121","series-title":"Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease E-Book","author":"Kumar","year":"2014"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI11176","article-title":"TNF-alpha induces osteoclastogenesis by direct stimulation of macrophages exposed to permissive levels of RANK ligand","volume":"106","author":"Lam","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investigat."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678909150124","article-title":"Hip fractures in northern Sweden 1973-1984. A comparison of rural and urban populations","volume":"60","author":"Larsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.01.017","article-title":"Air particulate matter induced oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis: the role of Nrf2 and AhR-mediated pathways","volume":"270","author":"Lawal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxq431","article-title":"IL-1 plays an important role in the bone metabolism under physiological conditions","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22239","article-title":"BPA-toxicity via superoxide anion overload and a deficit in \u03b2-catenin signaling in human bone mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"32","author":"Leem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1021\/ed050p404","article-title":"Ozone. Properties, toxicity, and applications","volume":"50","author":"Leh","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.09.012","article-title":"IL-17A is increased in humans with primary hyperparathyroidism and mediates PTH-induced bone loss in mice","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metabol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3600","article-title":"IL-17 receptor signaling in osteoblasts\/osteocytes mediates PTH-induced bone loss and enhances osteocytic RANKL production","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res.: Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone and Miner. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-012-0017-7","article-title":"Relationship between BMD and Zn, Cu, Ca levels in the hair and meal in elderly people","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.044","article-title":"Use of high-resolution metabolomics for the identification of metabolic signals associated with traffic-related air pollution","volume":"120","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00245-6","article-title":"Change of bone tissue composition and impaired bone strength in rats exposed to 3,3\u2019,4,4\u2019,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126)","volume":"150","author":"Lind","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1592365","article-title":"Bone quality-beyond bone mineral density","volume":"20","author":"Link","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Muscoskel. Radiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.22.4.0437","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications","volume":"22","author":"Lips","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2014.07.006","article-title":"Associations between ambient air pollution and bone turnover markers in 10-year old children: results from the GINIplus and LISAplus studies","volume":"218","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1159\/000213660","article-title":"No differences in the incidences of old people's hip fractures between urban and rural populations\u2014a comparative study in two Finnish health care regions in 1989","volume":"41","author":"L\u00fcthje","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(01)00240-6","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activity of mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determined using in vitro reporter gene assay","volume":"497","author":"Machala","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679308993689","article-title":"Urban vs rural increase in hip fracture incidence. Age and sex of 901 cases 1980-89 in Olmsted County, U.S.A","volume":"64","author":"Madhok","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2663","article-title":"Urban tropospheric ozone increases the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Belgian postmenopausal women with outdoor activities during summer","volume":"93","author":"Manicourt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678709146340","article-title":"Incidence of hip fracture in western Sweden 1974-1982. Comparison of rural and urban populations","volume":"58","author":"Mannius","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib141","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Effects of phthalate esters on actin cytoskeleton of Py1a rat osteoblasts","volume":"17","author":"Marchetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib142","first-page":"105","article-title":"OPG\/RANKL: Role and therapeutic target in osteoporosis","volume":"24","author":"Marie","year":"2008","journal-title":"M-S (Med. Sci.): M\u00e9d.\/Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(03)00748-0","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor signaling controlling osteoblast differentiation","volume":"316","author":"Marie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib144","first-page":"111","article-title":"Dioxin-receptor ligands in urban air and vehicle exhaust","volume":"102","author":"Mason","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp044","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor activator benzo[a]pyrene enhances vitamin D3 catabolism in macrophages","volume":"109","author":"Matsunawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci.: Off. J. Soc. Toxicol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvm158","article-title":"Structural evidence for endocrine disruptor bisphenol A binding to human nuclear receptor ERR gamma","volume":"142","author":"Matsushima","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132239","article-title":"Comparison of bone mineral density between urban and rural areas: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Matsuzaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4605-7","article-title":"Short-term association between outdoor air pollution and osteoporotic hip fracture","volume":"29","author":"Mazzucchelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2005.09.002","article-title":"An assessment of the potential developmental and reproductive toxicity of di-isoheptyl phthalate in rodents","volume":"21","author":"McKee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050113","article-title":"Fracture incidence in Olmsted County, Minnesota: Comparison of urban with rural rates and changes in urban rates over time","volume":"9","author":"Melton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int.: J. Established Result Coop. Between the Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1076\/ejom.39.3.155.4672","article-title":"Phthalate esters influence FGF-2 translocation in Py1a rat osteoblasts","volume":"39","author":"Menghi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Morphol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh337","article-title":"Higher bone mineral density in rural compared with urban dwellers: The NOREPOS study","volume":"160","author":"Meyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198611203152101","article-title":"Increased 2-hydroxylation of estradiol as a possible mechanism for the anti-estrogenic effect of cigarette smoking","volume":"315","author":"Michnovicz","year":"1986","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfi136","article-title":"Effects of in utero and lactational TCDD exposure on bone development in differentially sensitive rat lines","volume":"85","author":"Miettinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci.: Off. J. Soc. Toxicol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1997","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2279","article-title":"Urinary phthalate metabolites and the risk of low bone mineral density and osteoporosis in older women","volume":"99","author":"Min","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm296","article-title":"4-tert-octylphenol regulates the differentiation of C3H10T1\/2 cells into osteoblast and adipocyte lineages","volume":"102","author":"Miyawaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci.: Off. J. Soc. Toxicol."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8889","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-8889-2015","article-title":"Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban to the global scale from air quality to short-lived climate forcer","volume":"15","author":"Monks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220003","article-title":"3-Methylcholanthrene, which binds to the arylhydrocarbon receptor, inhibits proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in vitro and ossification in vivo","volume":"143","author":"Naruse","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2489","article-title":"Suppression of bone formation by osteoclastic expression of semaphorin 4D","volume":"17","author":"Negishi-Koga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.10.013","article-title":"Composition and effects of inhalable size fractions of atmospheric aerosols in the polluted atmosphere. Part II. In vitro biological potencies","volume":"63","author":"Nov\u00e1k","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2008.06.006","article-title":"Pollutants in particulate and gaseous fractions of ambient air interfere with multiple signaling pathways in vitro","volume":"35","author":"Nov\u00e1k","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib163","first-page":"2889","article-title":"Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK) independent osteoclast formation and bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis","volume":"68","author":"O'Brien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arth. Rheumatol. (Hoboken, N.J.)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.280","article-title":"More forearm fractures among urban than rural women: The NOREPOS study based on the Troms\u00f8 study and the HUNT study","volume":"26","author":"Omsland","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res.: Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone and Miner. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5134","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.12.5134","article-title":"Effect of surgical menopause and estrogen replacement on cytokine release from human blood mononuclear cells","volume":"88","author":"Pacifici","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proceed. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00057","article-title":"The Role of IL-17 and TH17 Cells in the Bone Catabolic Activity of PTH","volume":"7","author":"Pacifici","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-54","article-title":"Dioxin-like compounds and bone quality in Cree women of Eastern James Bay (Canada): A cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Paunescu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health: A Glob. Access Sci. Sour."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(98)00218-6","article-title":"Hospital separation rates from osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic fractures in metropolitan and rural Australia","volume":"30","author":"Peach","year":"1999","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.096545","article-title":"Developmental exposure to xenoestrogens at low doses alters femur length and tensile strength in adult mice","volume":"86","author":"Pelch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.104786","article-title":"Interleukin-1 is essential for systemic inflammatory bone loss","volume":"69","author":"Polzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib171","first-page":"160","article-title":"Prevalence of osteoporosis in Thai men","volume":"89","author":"Pongchaiyakul","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thailand = Chotmaihet Thangphaet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1921-5","article-title":"Contribution of lean tissue mass to the urban-rural difference in bone mineral density","volume":"16","author":"Pongchaiyakul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int.: J. Established Result Coop. Between the Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-6-5","article-title":"Effect of urbanization on bone mineral density: A Thai epidemiological study","volume":"6","author":"Pongchaiyakul","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Muscoskel. Disord."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0095OC","article-title":"CD11c(+)\/CD11b(+) cells are critical for organic dust-elicited murine lung inflammation","volume":"47","author":"Poole","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309279","article-title":"Exposure to fine particulate air pollution is associated with endothelial injury and systemic inflammation","volume":"119","author":"Pope","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e337","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30136-5","article-title":"Association of air particulate pollution with bone loss over time and bone fracture risk: Analysis of data from two independent studies","volume":"1","author":"Prada","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet. Planet. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l265","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l265","article-title":"Environmental risks and non-communicable diseases","volume":"364","author":"Pr\u00fcss-Ust\u00fcn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.7.601","article-title":"Role of transcription factors in inflammatory lung diseases","volume":"53","author":"Rahman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.18504","article-title":"Association of Ambient and Household Air Pollution With Bone Mineral Content Among Adults in Peri-urban South India","volume":"3","author":"Ranzani","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.103219","article-title":"Toxicity of cadmium in musculoskeletal diseases","volume":"72","author":"Reyes-Hinojosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.08.008","article-title":"Exposure to cadmium and persistent organochlorine pollutants and its association with bone mineral density and markers of bone metabolism on postmenopausal women","volume":"109","author":"Rignell-Hydbom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000052765","article-title":"The impact of long-term moderate physical activity on functional performance, bone mineral density and fracture incidence in elderly women","volume":"47","author":"Ringsberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4854152","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4854152","article-title":"A review of metal exposure and its effects on bone health","volume":"2018","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Toxicol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2010.492762","article-title":"Bone mineral density and incidence of hip fracture in Swedish urban and rural women 1987-2002","volume":"81","author":"Rosengren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Orthop."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811425604","article-title":"Forearm bone mineral density and incidence of hip fractures in Swedish urban and rural men 1987-2002","volume":"40","author":"Rosengren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070615","article-title":"Environmental toxicants may modulate osteoblast differentiation by a mechanism involving the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"22","author":"Ryan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res.: Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone and Miner. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22127","article-title":"Involvement of p53 in phthalate effects on mouse and rat osteoblasts","volume":"107","author":"Sabbieti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.10.014","article-title":"4-nonylphenol triggers apoptosis and affects 17-\u03b2-estradiol receptors in calvarial osteoblasts","volume":"290","author":"Sabbieti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1021\/tx034036r","article-title":"Inhibitory aryl hydrocarbon receptor-estrogen receptor alpha cross-talk and mechanisms of action","volume":"16","author":"Safe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3275","article-title":"Changes in RANKL and osteoprotegerin expression after chronic exposure to indoor air pollution as a result of cooking with biomass fuel","volume":"36","author":"Saha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol.: JAT"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.07.004","article-title":"TNF-alpha antibodies and osteoprotegerin decrease systemic bone loss associated with inflammation through distinct mechanisms in collagen-induced arthritis","volume":"35","author":"Saidenberg-Kermanac\u2019h","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1436","article-title":"Differential developmental toxicities of di-n-hexyl phthalate and dicyclohexyl phthalate administered orally to rats","volume":"29","author":"Saillenfait","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol.: JAT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2013.09.004","article-title":"Adverse effects of diisooctyl phthalate on the male rat reproductive development following prenatal exposure","volume":"42","author":"Saillenfait","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30308-5","article-title":"Cortical and trabecular bone microarchitecture as an independent predictor of incident fracture risk in older women and men in the Bone Microarchitecture International Consortium (BoMIC): A prospective study","volume":"7","author":"Samelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet. Diabet. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.6.466","article-title":"Fracture rates lower in rural than urban communities: The geelong osteoporosis study","volume":"56","author":"Sanders","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Comm. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.10.041","article-title":"Air Pollution and Noncommunicable Diseases: A Review by the Forum of International Respiratory Societies' Environmental Committee, Part 2: Air Pollution and Organ Systems","volume":"155","author":"Schraufnagel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22327","article-title":"Heavy metals accumulation affects bone microarchitecture in osteoporotic patients","volume":"32","author":"Scimeca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra053077","article-title":"Bone quality\u2014The material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility","volume":"354","author":"Seeman","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2016.12.018","article-title":"Ancestral benzo[a]pyrene exposure affects bone integrity in F3 adult fish (Oryzias latipes)","volume":"183","author":"Seemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol. (Amsterdam, Netherlands)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2015.10.001","article-title":"Insight into the transgenerational effect of benzo[a]pyrene on bone formation in a teleost fish (Oryzias latipes)","volume":"178","author":"Seemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Toxicol. Pharmacol.: CB (Curr. Biol.)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678809149386","article-title":"Differences in the incidence of hip fracture. Comparison of an urban and a rural population in southern Sweden","volume":"59","author":"Sernbo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9069","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02864","article-title":"Data integration for the assessment of population exposure to ambient air pollution for global burden of disease assessment","volume":"52","author":"Shaddick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22932","article-title":"Cobalt and chromium exposure affects osteoblast function and impairs the mineralization of prosthesis surfaces in vitro","volume":"33","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res.: Off. Publ. Orthop. Res. Soc."},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35583","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M403143200","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation can regulate beta-catenin levels via a proteasome-mediated and adenomatous polyposis coli-independent pathway","volume":"279","author":"Sharma","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1008587","article-title":"Involvement of TLR2 and TLR4 in inflammatory immune responses induced by fine and coarse ambient air particulate matter","volume":"86","author":"Shoenfelt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2018.03.001","article-title":"Air pollution as a determinant of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"86","author":"Sigaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1670183","article-title":"Inhibition of dioxin effects on bone formation in vitro by a newly described aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist, resveratrol","volume":"167","author":"Singh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-009-0647-y","article-title":"Pathophysiology of osteoporosis","volume":"159","author":"Sipos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wien Med. Wochenschr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.09.008","article-title":"Systemic bone loss and induction of coronary vessel disease in a rat model of chronic inflammation","volume":"38","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0353-9","article-title":"Urban-rural differences in distal forearm fractures: Cohort Norway","volume":"18","author":"S\u00f8gaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int.: J. Established Result Coop. Between the Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00114","article-title":"Effect of chronic oxidative stress on neuroinflammatory response mediated by cd4+t cells in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"12","author":"Solleiro-Villavicencio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2016.048","article-title":"An overview and management of osteoporosis","volume":"4","author":"S\u00f6zen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.09.005","article-title":"Rural versus nonrural differences in BMC, volumetric BMD, and bone size: A population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"35","author":"Specker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2006.00213.x","article-title":"Age-related impairment of mesenchymal progenitor cell function","volume":"5","author":"Stolzing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679708996262","article-title":"Bone mineral density in adolescents. Higher values in a rural area\u2014A population-based study of 246 subjects in southern Sweden","volume":"68","author":"Sundberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233716654827","article-title":"Determination of heavy metals in the ambient atmosphere","volume":"33","author":"Suvarapu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-004-0505-3","article-title":"Both mercury and cadmium directly influence calcium homeostasis resulting from the suppression of scale bone cells: The scale is a good model for the evaluation of heavy metals in bone metabolism","volume":"22","author":"Suzuki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2741\/3673","article-title":"Regulatory mechanism of osteoclastogenesis by RANKL and Wnt signals","volume":"16","author":"Takahashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.08.011","article-title":"Arsenic induces cell apoptosis in cultured osteoblasts through endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"241","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.02.013","article-title":"Bisphenol A exposure disturbs the bone metabolism: An evolving interest towards an old culprit","volume":"198","author":"Thent","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1033.2002.02879.x","article-title":"Dietary bisphenol A prevents ovarian degeneration and bone loss in female mice lacking the aromatase gene (Cyp 19)","volume":"269","author":"Toda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.5.2010160","article-title":"Cytokines involved in the systemic inflammatory response induced by exposure to particulate matter air pollutants (PM(10))","volume":"164","author":"van Eeden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082545","article-title":"Exposure to atmospheric particulate matter enhances Th17 polarization through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"8","author":"van Voorhis","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-2004-3","article-title":"Exposure to CB-153 and p,p\u2019-DDE and bone mineral density and bone metabolism markers in middle-aged and elderly men and women","volume":"16","author":"Wallin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int.: J. Established Result Coop. Between the Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2743","article-title":"Low-level cadmium exposure is associated with decreased bone mineral density and increased risk of incident fractures in elderly men: the mros sweden study","volume":"31","author":"Wallin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res.: Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone and Miner. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy225","article-title":"Evidence for aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated inhibition of osteoblast differentiation in human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"167","author":"Watson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci.: Off. J. Soc. Toxicol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3440-3","article-title":"The National Osteoporosis Foundation's position statement on peak bone mass development and lifestyle factors: A systematic review and implementation recommendations","volume":"27","author":"Weaver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int.: J. Established Result Coop. Between the Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2016.0048","article-title":"Systemic IL-6 effector response in mediating systemic bone loss following inhalation of organic dust","volume":"37","author":"Wells","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res.: Off. J. Int. Soc. Interferon and Cytokine Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1400","article-title":"In vitro estrogenicity of ambient particulate matter: Contribution of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"29","author":"Wenger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol.: JAT"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.08.005","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis","volume":"42","author":"Whittier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.05.010","article-title":"Bone lead (Pb) content at the tibia is associated with thinner distal tibia cortices and lower volumetric bone density in postmenopausal women","volume":"79","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib234","series-title":"Assessment of Fracture Risk and its Application to Screening for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis","first-page":"1","year":"1994"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2269","article-title":"The recent prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass in the United States based on bone mineral density at the femoral neck or lumbar spine","volume":"29","author":"Wright","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res.: Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone and Miner. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307832","article-title":"Effects of arsenic on osteoblast differentiation in vitro and on bone mineral density and microstructure in rats","volume":"122","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.2108\/zs130265","article-title":"Effects of inorganic mercury and methylmercury on osteoclasts and osteoblasts in the scales of the marine teleost as a model system of bone","volume":"31","author":"Yachiguchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zool. Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2008.10.005","article-title":"Air pollutants, oxidative stress and human health","volume":"674","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.08.025","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor suppresses osteoblast proliferation and differentiation through the activation of the ERK signaling pathway","volume":"280","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.05.114","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor catabolic activity in bone metabolism is osteoclast dependent in vivo","volume":"450","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117112","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptors in osteoclast lineage cells are a negative regulator of bone mass","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010225","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonists mitigate the effects of dioxin on critical cellular functions in differentiating human osteoblast-like cells","volume":"19","author":"Yun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2017.02.003","article-title":"Mechanistic insight into the effects of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor activation on osteogenic differentiation","volume":"6","author":"Yun","year":"2017","journal-title":"BoneKEy Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.03.050","article-title":"Biological impact of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ePAHs) as endocrine disruptors","volume":"213","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2012.08.024","article-title":"The effects of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure on fat mass and serum leptin concentrations have no impact on bone mineral densities in non-obese premenopausal women","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.02.152","article-title":"Benzo[a]pyrene impedes self-renewal and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and influences fracture healing","volume":"587\u2013588","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465_bib249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4097","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1422","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: A statement of principles from The endocrine society","volume":"153","author":"Zoeller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935120303583?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935120303583?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T20:27:23Z","timestamp":1757968043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935120303583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":244,"alternative-id":["S0013935120303583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms linking air pollution and bone damage","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109465","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109465"}}