{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:28:47Z","timestamp":1793644127488,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005851","name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23975"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T22:33:28Z","timestamp":1616106808000},"page":"111039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An innovative index for assessing vulnerability of employees of different occupations from the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"197","author":[{"given":"Mehrnoosh","family":"Abtahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7891-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Gholamnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mousa","family":"Jabbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9375-4631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Koolivand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Dobaradaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahand","family":"Jorfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Vaziri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3198-3671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoomeh","family":"Khoshkerdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedram","family":"Rastegari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3174-7743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Saeedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.02.009","article-title":"A modified drinking water quality index (DWQI) for assessing drinking source water quality in rural communities of Khuzestan Province, Iran","volume":"53","author":"Abtahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indicat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.04.023","article-title":"National and subnational mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to 17 occupational risk factors in Iran, 1990\u20132015","volume":"165","author":"Abtahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.07.004","article-title":"An innovative drinking water nutritional quality index (DWNQI) for assessing drinking water contribution to intakes of dietary elements: a national and sub-national study in Iran","volume":"60","author":"Abtahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indicat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1142","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30300-4","article-title":"A vulnerability index for the management of and response to the COVID-19 epidemic in India: an ecological study","volume":"8","author":"Acharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3972","article-title":"Supporting the health care workforce during the COVID-19 global epidemic","volume":"323","author":"Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30085-2","article-title":"Why inequality could spread COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib7","series-title":"The COVID-19 Crisis and Telework: A Research Survey on Experiences, Expectations and Hopes","author":"Baert","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1141","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1141","article-title":"Covid-19: control measures must be equitable and inclusive","volume":"368","author":"Berger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib9","article-title":"Psychological resilience of healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Bozda\u011f","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3893","article-title":"The COVID-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic: consequences for occupational health","volume":"46","author":"Burdorf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30084-9","article-title":"Staff safety during emergency airway management for COVID-19 in Hong Kong","volume":"8","author":"Cheung","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Respiratory Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110155","article-title":"An index to quantify environmental risk of exposure to future epidemics of the COVID-19 and similar viral agents: theory and practice","volume":"191","author":"Coccia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138474","article-title":"Factors determining the diffusion of COVID-19 and suggested strategy to prevent future accelerated viral infectivity similar to COVID","volume":"729","author":"Coccia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib14","article-title":"How do low wind speeds and high levels of air pollution support the spread of COVID-19?","author":"Coccia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmospheric Pollution Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib15","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of atmospheric stability with low wind speed and of air pollution on the accelerated transmission dynamics of COVID-19","author":"Coccia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa150","article-title":"Assessment of workers' personal vulnerability to covid-19 using 'covid-age","volume":"70","author":"Coggon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.580702","article-title":"Risk and resilience factors during the COVID-19 pandemic: a snapshot of the experiences of Canadian workers early on in the crisis","volume":"11","author":"Coulombe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib18","series-title":"Building a COVID-19 Vulnerability Index","author":"DeCaprio","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2020.03.001","article-title":"Preventing intra-hospital infection and transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 in health-care workers","volume":"11","author":"Gan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Safety and Health at Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-020-00267-3","article-title":"COVID-19 vulnerability: the potential impact of genetic susceptibility and airborne transmission","volume":"14","author":"Godri Pollitt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0044","article-title":"Perceived vulnerability to Coronavirus infection: impact on dental practice","volume":"34","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Olmo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30735-2","article-title":"National UK programme of community health workers for COVID-19 response","volume":"395","author":"Haines","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15347","article-title":"Vulnerability of nurse and physicians with COVID\u201019: monitoring and surveillance needed","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib24","series-title":"Heterogeneous Vulnerability to the COVID-19 Crisis and Implications for Inequality in Japan","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa036","article-title":"Occupational risks for COVID-19 infection","volume":"70","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5514","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155514","article-title":"Symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, depression, levels of resilience and burnout in Spanish health personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"17","author":"Luce\u00f1o-Moreno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2005412","article-title":"Epidemiology of covid-19 in a long-term care facility in king county, Washington","volume":"382","author":"McMichael","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216320947966","article-title":"Prioritising workforce wellbeing and resilience: what COVID-19 is reminding us about self-care and staff support","volume":"34","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Palliat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125769","article-title":"Spatial analysis and risk assessment of urban BTEX compounds in Urmia, Iran","volume":"246","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib30","series-title":"On the susceptibility and vulnerability of agricultural value chains to COVID-19","first-page":"105132","volume":"136","author":"Morton","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.7326\/L20-0175","article-title":"COVID-19 and the risk to health care workers: a case report","volume":"172","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.05.006","article-title":"Poverty, inequality and COVID-19: the forgotten vulnerable","volume":"183","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2020-100213","article-title":"A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations","volume":"33","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2014.11.009","article-title":"Best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method","volume":"53","author":"Rezaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib35","article-title":"Labor, health and vulnerability in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"36","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cad. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244018821751","article-title":"Content validity of assessment instrument for employee engagement","volume":"9","author":"Shrotryia","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106567","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic: major risks to healthcare and other workers on the front line","volume":"77","author":"Sim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmp.2020.100717","article-title":"Understanding the effects of COVID-19 on the health and safety of immigrant hospitality workers in the United States","volume":"35","author":"S\u00f6nmez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tourism Management Perspectives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaa044","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak in Italy: protecting worker health and the response of the Italian industrial hygienists association","volume":"64","author":"Spinazz\u00e8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-020-09548-y","article-title":"Police stress, mental health, and resiliency during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"45","author":"Stogner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Crim. Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1083","article-title":"Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in Singapore","volume":"173","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2020.1830281","article-title":"How COVID-19 reveals structures of vulnerability","volume":"39","author":"Team","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104811","article-title":"Characterize health and economic vulnerabilities of workers to control the emergence of COVID-19 in an industrial zone in Vietnam","volume":"129","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib44","series-title":"Multi-criteria Decision Making Methods: A Comparative Study","author":"Triantaphyllou","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4236\/odem.2020.84014","article-title":"Proposed occupational vulnerability index COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Vicente-Herrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup. Dis. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30526-2","article-title":"COVID-19: the gendered impacts of the outbreak","volume":"395","author":"Wenham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa052","article-title":"COVID-19 and experiences of moral injury in front-line key workers","volume":"70","author":"Williamson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib48","series-title":"Environmental Health in Emergencies and Disasters: A Practical Guide","author":"Wisner","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib49","series-title":"Risk Assessment and Management of Exposure of Health Care Workers in the Context of COVID-19: Interim Guidance, 19 March 2020","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-020-00433-y","article-title":"Population vulnerability to COVID-19 in Europe: a burden of disease analysis","volume":"78","author":"Wyper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.15171\/jcs.2015.017","article-title":"Design and implementation content validity study: development of an instrument for measuring patient-centered communication","volume":"4","author":"Zamanzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Caring Sci."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935121003339?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935121003339?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:44:09Z","timestamp":1793641449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935121003339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0013935121003339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An innovative index for assessing vulnerability of employees of different occupations from the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111039","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111039"}}