{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T04:47:42Z","timestamp":1791694062483,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42007151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42007151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T04:44:06Z","timestamp":1627447446000},"page":"111740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Explainable deep learning predictions for illness risk of mental disorders in Nanjing, China"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"202","author":[{"given":"Ce","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105448","article-title":"Air pollution is associated with depressive symptoms in elderly women with cognitive impairment","volume":"136","author":"Altu\u011f","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0130140","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130140","article-title":"On pixel-wise explanations for non-linear classifier decisions by layer-wise relevance propagation","volume":"10","author":"Bach","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109571","article-title":"Durational effect of particulate matter air pollution wave on hospital admissions for schizophrenia","volume":"187","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109903","article-title":"The joint effect of ambient air pollution and agricultural pesticide exposures on lung function among children with asthma","volume":"190","author":"Benka-Coker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.009","article-title":"Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease","volume":"32","author":"Block","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.044","article-title":"Is there a link between air pollution and mental disorders?","volume":"118","author":"Buoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib7","article-title":"Temporal variations in ambient air quality indicators in Shanghai municipality, China","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.01.002","article-title":"Air pollution as a risk factor for depressive episode in patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, or asthma","volume":"157","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00403","article-title":"Air pollutant correlations in China: secondary air pollutant responses to NOx and SO2 control","volume":"7","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00074","article-title":"The impact of climate change on mental health: a systematic descriptive review","volume":"11","author":"Cianconi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib11","series-title":"2016 IEEE symposium on security and privacy (SP)","first-page":"598","article-title":"Algorithmic transparency via quantitative input influence: theory and experiments with learning systems","author":"Datta","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134721","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and depression: a systematic review with meta-analysis up to 2019","volume":"701","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib13","article-title":"Shapley additive explanations for NO2 forecasting","volume":"56","author":"Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01808-5","article-title":"Relative importance of perceived physical and social neighborhood characteristics for depression: a machine learning approach","volume":"55","author":"Helbich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatr. Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2019.02.005","article-title":"Intensive care unit telemedicine in the era of big data, artificial intelligence, and computer clinical decision support systems","volume":"35","author":"Kindle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.05.040","article-title":"Associations of combined exposures to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise on mental health","volume":"129","author":"Klompmaker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep learning","volume":"521","author":"LeCun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126797","article-title":"The effect of PM2.5 exposure and risk perception on the mental stress of Nanjing citizens in China","volume":"254","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110601","article-title":"Particulate matter pollution and risk of outpatient visits for psychological diseases in Nanjing, China","volume":"193","author":"Lowe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2019.06.024","article-title":"Air pollution: a systematic review of its psychological, economic, and social effects","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105906","article-title":"Attributable risks associated with hospital outpatient visits for mental disorders due to air pollution: a multi-city study in China","volume":"143","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib22","author":"Lundberg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0138-9","article-title":"From local explanations to global understanding with explainable AI for trees","volume":"2","author":"Lundberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib24","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30","article-title":"A unified approach to interpreting model predictions","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0304-0","article-title":"Explainable machine-learning predictions for the prevention of hypoxaemia during surgery","volume":"2","author":"Lundberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interpreting interaction effects in generalized linear models of nonlinear probabilities and counts","author":"McCabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0543-x","article-title":"Effect of apparent temperature on daily emergency admissions for mental and behavioral disorders in Yancheng, China: a time-series study","volume":"18","author":"Min","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib28","author":"Molnar"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.23153","article-title":"Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations","volume":"50","author":"Moriasi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. Asabe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139040","article-title":"Short-term effect of apparent temperature on daily emergency visits for mental and behavioral disorders in Beijing, China: a time-series study","volume":"733","author":"Niu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1918-1","article-title":"The burden of depressive disorders in South Asia, 1990-2016: findings from the global burden of disease study","volume":"18","author":"Ogbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0912-1","article-title":"Deep learning and process understanding for data-driven Earth system science","volume":"566","author":"Reichstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08859-1","article-title":"Psychological impact of vehicle exhaust exposure: insights from an animal model","volume":"7","author":"Salvi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01232","article-title":"Neurobehavioral consequences of traffic-related air pollution","volume":"13","author":"Salvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1111\/rssa.12598","article-title":"Flexible instrumental variable distributional regression","volume":"183","author":"Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Roy. Stat. Soc. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2017.09.006","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on individual psychological distress","volume":"48","author":"Sass","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.17163","article-title":"Clinical decision support in the era of artificial intelligence","volume":"320","author":"Shortliffe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jama-J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib38","series-title":"Proceedings of the 34 th international conference on machine learning. PMLR 70, Sydney, Australia","article-title":"Learning important features through propagating activation differences","author":"Shrikumar","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib39","series-title":"Proceedings of the 34 Th International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR vol. 70","first-page":"3145","article-title":"Learning important features through propagating activation differences","author":"Shrikumar","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.06.037","article-title":"Predicting gastrointestinal infection morbidity based on environmental pollutants: deep learning versus traditional models","volume":"82","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indicat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.11.018","article-title":"An evolutionary deep neural network for predicting morbidity of gastrointestinal infections by food contamination","volume":"226","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.368","article-title":"Explainable extreme gradient boosting tree-based prediction of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene wet deposition","volume":"653","author":"Stojic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-013-0679-x","article-title":"Explaining prediction models and individual predictions with feature contributions","volume":"41","author":"\u0160trumbelj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Knowl. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.091","article-title":"Social participation and urban-rural disparity in mental health among older adults in China","volume":"274","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134846","article-title":"The association of short-term effects of air pollution and sleep disorders among elderly residents in China","volume":"708","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.256","article-title":"The impact of ambient particulate matter on hospital outpatient visits for respiratory and circulatory system disease in an urban Chinese population","volume":"666","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127176","article-title":"Deep learning for predicting the occurrence of cardiopulmonary diseases in Nanjing, China","volume":"257","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114205","article-title":"Particulate matter pollution and hospital outpatient visits for endocrine, digestive, urological, and dermatological diseases in Nanjing, China","volume":"261","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73127","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988359","article-title":"An explainable machine learning framework for intrusion detection systems","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib50","author":"WHO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114777","article-title":"A gradient boost approach for predicting near-road ultrafine particle concentrations using detailed traffic characterization","volume":"265","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139114","article-title":"Health and economic impacts of particulate matter pollution on hospital admissions for mental disorders in Chengdu, Southwestern China","volume":"733","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105472","article-title":"Investigating associations between anti-nuclear antibody positivity and combined long-term exposures to NO2, O3, and PM2.5 using a Bayesian kernel machine regression approach","volume":"136","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740_bib54","article-title":"Air pollution and mental health of older adults in China","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935121010343?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935121010343?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T04:38:25Z","timestamp":1791693505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935121010343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0013935121010343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Explainable deep learning predictions for illness risk of mental disorders in Nanjing, China","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111740","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111740"}}