{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T12:35:43Z","timestamp":1785587743293,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":284,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01ES032458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01ES032458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG060232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG060232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES030616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES030616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T11:56:05Z","timestamp":1709812565000},"page":"118628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"P1","title":["Air pollution and serious bleeding events in high-risk older adults"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"251","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7326-8171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rindala","family":"Fayyad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Josey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0939-829X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poonam","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Rua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aayush","family":"Visaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1221-4028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1583-752X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soko","family":"Setoguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9895-1477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel C.","family":"Nethery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780080803","article-title":"A linear regression model for the analysis of life times","volume":"8","author":"Aalen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.016890","article-title":"Long-term PM2.5 exposure and risks of ischemic heart disease and stroke events: review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Alexeeff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib3","author":"Bargagli-Stoffi","year":"2023"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9621","article-title":"Spatial and temporal Variation in PM2.5 chemical composition in the United States for health effects studies","volume":"115","author":"Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib5","unstructured":"Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. Air Quality Act (1967) Or The Clean Air Act (CAA). Accessed October 22, 2022. https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/air-quality-act-1967-or-clean-air-act-caa."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib6","series-title":"Particle Pollution","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003532","article-title":"Spatial association between ambient fine particulate matter and incident hypertension","volume":"129","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-022-00102-z","article-title":"Triggering of myocardial infarction by heat exposure is modified by medication intake","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702747","article-title":"Air pollution and mortality in the Medicare population","volume":"376","author":"Di","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104909","article-title":"An ensemble-based model of PM2.5 concentration across the contiguous United States with high spatiotemporal resolution","volume":"130","author":"Di","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib11","series-title":"Climate Change Impacts on Air Quality","year":"2022"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.05.049","article-title":"The effect of particle size on cardiovascular disorders\u2014the smaller the worse","volume":"409","author":"Franck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101545","article-title":"Oxidative stress pathways of air pollution mediated toxicity: recent insights","volume":"34","author":"Gangwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22707","article-title":"PM2.5 exposure induces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in an intracranial atherosclerosis rat model","volume":"34","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1881","article-title":"Prescription refill records as a screening tool to identify antidepressant non-adherence","volume":"19","author":"Hansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib17","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Air Pollution. Accessed September 21, 2023. https:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/research-analysis\/health-risks-issues\/air-pollution-research-library."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib18","article-title":"Estimating a causal exposure Response function with a continuous Error-prone exposure: a study of fine particulate matter and all-cause mortality","author":"Josey","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-072810","article-title":"Retrospective cohort study investigating synergism of air pollution and corticosteroid exposure in promoting cardiovascular and thromboembolic events in older adults.\"","volume":"13","author":"Josey","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_1131_21","article-title":"Air pollution and intracranial hemorrhage","volume":"25","author":"Jun Rui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4809","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094809","article-title":"Particulate matter 10 (PM10) is associated with epistaxis in children and adults","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym157","article-title":"Estimating interaction on an additive scale between continuous determinants in a logistic regression model","volume":"36","author":"Knol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2006.10.009","article-title":"Test for additive interaction in proportional hazards models","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.346","article-title":"Repeat dose exposure of PM2.5 triggers the disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in SD rats","volume":"663","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"210","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global burden of disease from major air pollution sources (GBD MAPS): a global approach","volume":"2021","author":"McDuffie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Health Eff. Inst."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwad089","article-title":"Air pollution and cardiovascular and thromboembolic events in older adults with high-risk conditions","volume":"192","author":"Nethery","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1214\/07-EJS050","article-title":"Causal inference in longitudinal studies with history-restricted marginal structural models","volume":"1","author":"Neugebauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electronic journal of statistics"},{"issue":"9_Suppl. l","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib28","first-page":"8S","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation: an update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"24","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Off J Int Acad Clin Appl Thromb"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2699","article-title":"Choice of time scale and its effect on significance of predictors in longitudinal studies","volume":"26","author":"Pencina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm232","article-title":"History-adjusted marginal structural models for estimating time-varying effect modification","volume":"166","author":"Petersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2030281","article-title":"Pollution and the heart","volume":"385","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn411","article-title":"Estimation of the relative excess risk due to interaction and associated confidence bounds","volume":"169","author":"Richardson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108890","article-title":"Exposure to airborne fine particulate matter is associated with impaired endothelial function and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"180","author":"Riggs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib34","series-title":"Epidemiology: an Introduction","author":"Rothman","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002255","article-title":"Particulate matter-induced health effects: who is susceptible?","volume":"119","author":"Sacks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib36","unstructured":"SAS. Analytics, Artificial Intelligence and Data Management. Accessed August 20, 2023. https:\/\/www.sas.com\/en_us\/home.html."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.13332","article-title":"Variance estimation in inverse probability weighted Cox models","volume":"77","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000958","article-title":"Sufficient cause interaction for time-to-event outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Stensrud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol Camb Mass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12296","article-title":"Air pollution and emergency department visits for epistaxis","volume":"39","author":"Szyszkowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib40","unstructured":"The Comprehensive R Archive Network. Accessed August 20, 2023. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib41","series-title":"A Package for Survival Analysis in R. R Package Version 3","first-page":"5","author":"Therneau","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30021-9","article-title":"Association between emergency admission for peptic ulcer bleeding and air pollution: a case-crossover analysis in Hong Kong's elderly population","volume":"1","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib43","author":"US EPA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib44","first-page":"339","article-title":"Airborne particulate matter and human health: toxicological assessment and importance of size and composition of particles for oxidative damage and carcinogenic mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Valavanidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31821db503","article-title":"Causal interactions in the proportional hazards model","volume":"22","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiol Camb Mass"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10389","article-title":"The impact of exposure measurement error on the estimated concentration\u2013response relationship between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and mortality","volume":"130","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v077.i01","article-title":"Ranger: a fast implementation of random forests for high dimensional data in C++ and R","volume":"77","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stat. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118438","article-title":"Association between short-term exposure to air pollution and peptic ulcer bleeding: a case-crossover study in China","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4138","article-title":"The toxicity of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) to vascular endothelial cells","volume":"41","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol JAT"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib51","first-page":"E69","article-title":"The Impact of PM2.5 on the human respiratory system","volume":"8","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.181","article-title":"The association between short and long-term exposure to PM2.5 and temperature and hospital admissions in New England and the synergistic effect of the short-term exposures","volume":"639","author":"Yitshak-Sade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e209","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00008-6","article-title":"Global estimates of daily ambient fine particulate matter concentrations and unequal spatiotemporal distribution of population exposure: a machine learning modelling study","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935124005322?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935124005322?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:14:58Z","timestamp":1762301698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935124005322"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0013935124005322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Air pollution and serious bleeding events in high-risk older adults","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118628","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118628"}}