{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:07:42Z","timestamp":1790014062048,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000008","name":"Health Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AAPHI-810687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AAPHI-810687"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T18:11:09Z","timestamp":1712340669000},"page":"118828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"P2","title":["Associations of neighborhood greenspace, and active living environments with autism spectrum disorders: A matched case-control study in Ontario, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"252","author":[{"given":"\u00c9ric","family":"Lavigne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasim E.","family":"Abdulaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4566-4957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malia SQ.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0239-1602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Stanescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alysha LJ.","family":"Dingwall-Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7418-1479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Stieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi Wu","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7263-6257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hwashin Hyun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib1","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6757","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110706757","article-title":"Impact of residential greenness on preschool children's emotional and behavioral problems","volume":"11","author":"Balseviciene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4010199","article-title":"Mapping local climate zones for a worldwide database of the form and function of cities","volume":"4","author":"Bechtel","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-5001-5","article-title":"The Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium \u2013 a protocol for building a national environmental exposure data platform for integrated analyses of urban form and health","volume":"18","author":"Brook","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030429","article-title":"School green space and its impact on academic performance: a systematic literature review","volume":"16","author":"Browning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106898","article-title":"In utero exposure to near-roadway air pollution and autism spectrum disorder in children","volume":"158","author":"Carter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113767","article-title":"The association between natural environments and childhood mental health and development: a systematic review and assessment of different exposure measurements","volume":"235","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-023-00441-y","article-title":"Estimating cumulative health care costs of childhood and adolescence autism spectrum disorder in Ontario, Canada: a population-based incident cohort study","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacoecon Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.06.030","article-title":"Streetscape greenery and health: stress, social cohesion and physical activity as mediators","volume":"94","author":"de Vries","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib10","volume":"vol. 3","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105676","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and the risk of pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study","volume":"138","author":"Elten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2011.10599785","article-title":"The effects of physical activity and physical fitness on children's achievement and cognitive outcomes: a meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Fedewa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3848","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30877-5","article-title":"Exposure to local, source-specific ambient air pollution during pregnancy and autism in children: a cohort study from southern Sweden","volume":"13","author":"Flanagan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib14","first-page":"88","article-title":"Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as a marker of surrounding greenness in epidemiological studies: the case of Barcelona city","volume":"vol. 19","author":"Gascon","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.10.013","article-title":"Residential green spaces and mortality: a systematic review","volume":"86","author":"Gascon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influence of neighborhood built environments on the outdoor free play of young children: a systematic, mixed-studies review and thematic synthesis","author":"Gemmell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influence of neighborhood built environments on the outdoor free play of young children: a systematic, mixed-studies review and thematic synthesis","author":"Gemmell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","article-title":"Google earth engine: planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone","volume":"202","author":"Gorelick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.2217\/cer-2021-0069","article-title":"Propensity score matching versus coarsened exact matching in observational comparative effectiveness research","volume":"10","author":"Guy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110599","article-title":"Residential greenness and birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"193","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2011.tm09599","article-title":"Multivariate matching methods that are monotonic imbalance bounding","volume":"106","author":"Iacus","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-015-0043-7","article-title":"A review of the health benefits of greenness","volume":"2","author":"James","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Epidemiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib23","series-title":"The Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS) \u2013 Praed Foundation","first-page":"2023","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001428","article-title":"Critical time windows for air pollution exposure and birth weight in a multicity Canadian pregnancy cohort","volume":"33","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000173","article-title":"Particulate matter exposure, prenatal and postnatal windows of susceptibility, and autism spectrum disorders","volume":"26","author":"Kalkbrenner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP12319","article-title":"Investigating the links between climate injustice and ableism: a measurement of green space access inequalities within disability subgroups","volume":"131","author":"Lasky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2015.06.006","article-title":"Assessing street-level urban greenery using Google Street View and a modified green view index","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.08.029","article-title":"Using Google Street View to investigate the association between street greenery and physical activity","volume":"191","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plann."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7011a1","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 Years - autism and developmental disabilities monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2018","volume":"70","author":"Maenner","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118316","article-title":"Residential surrounding greenness and the incidence of childhood asthma: findings from a population-based cohort in Ontario, Canada","volume":"249","author":"Mansouri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403823","article-title":"Development of the Canadian Marginalization Index: a new tool for the study of inequality","volume":"103","author":"Matheson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154447","article-title":"Exposure to urban greenspace and pathways to respiratory health: an exploratory systematic review","volume":"829","author":"Mueller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab033","article-title":"Data resource profile: better outcomes registry & Network (BORN) Ontario","volume":"50","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031669","article-title":"The effects of outdoor versus indoor exercise on psychological health, physical health, and physical activity behaviour: a systematic review of longitudinal trials","volume":"20","author":"Noseworthy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107445","article-title":"The association between prenatal greenspace exposure and Autism spectrum disorder, and the potentially mediating role of air pollution reduction: a population-based birth cohort study","volume":"167","author":"Pagalan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111326","article-title":"The relationship between residential proximity to outdoor play spaces and children's mental and behavioral health: the importance of neighborhood socio-economic characteristics","volume":"200","author":"P\u00e9rez-Del-Pulgar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib37","series-title":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children and Youth in Canada 2018","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib38","article-title":"The impact of disability-related deprivation on employment opportunity at the neighborhood level: does family socioeconomic status matter? Front. Public","volume":"11","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c05197","article-title":"Associations of autism spectrum disorder with PM(2.5) components: a comparative study using two different exposure models","volume":"57","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP9509","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to air pollution and autism spectrum disorder: sensitive windows of exposure and sex differences","volume":"130","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.09.001","article-title":"Validation of the normalized difference vegetation index as a measure of neighborhood greenness","volume":"21","author":"Rhew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206187","article-title":"Perinatal air pollutant exposures and autism spectrum disorder in the children of nurses' health study II participants","volume":"121","author":"Roberts Andrea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib43","series-title":"Canadian Active Living Environments Database (Can-ALE) User Manual","author":"Ross","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105314","article-title":"Uncovering the link between air pollution and neurodevelopmental alterations during pregnancy and early life exposure: a systematic review","volume":"152","author":"Ruiz-Sobremazas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2017.05.010","article-title":"Green streets \u2212 Quantifying and mapping urban trees with street-level imagery and computer vision","volume":"165","author":"Seiferling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plann."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.786146","article-title":"Global, 30-m resolution continuous fields of tree cover: Landsat-based rescaling of MODIS vegetation continuous fields with lidar-based estimates of error","volume":"6","author":"Sexton","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Digital Earth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.04.021","article-title":"Fine particulate matter and the risk of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"140","author":"Talbott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107648","article-title":"Exposure to natural environments during pregnancy and birth outcomes in 11 European birth cohorts","volume":"170","author":"Torres Toda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.05.040","article-title":"Urban natural environments as nature-based solutions for improved public health \u2013 a systematic review of reviews","volume":"158","author":"van den Bosch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081719","article-title":"Comparing the normalized difference vegetation index with the Google street view measure of vegetation to assess associations between greenness, walkability, recreational physical activity, and health in Ottawa, Canada","volume":"15","author":"Villeneuve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002835","article-title":"Residential proximity to freeways and autism in the CHARGE study","volume":"119","author":"Volk Heather","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.266","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution, particulate matter, and autism","volume":"70","author":"Volk","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108535","article-title":"Urban greenery and mental wellbeing in adults: cross-sectional mediation analyses on multiple pathways across different greenery measures","volume":"176","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx184","article-title":"Potential for bias when estimating critical windows for air pollution in children's health","volume":"186","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.07.010","article-title":"Inverse relationship between urban green space and childhood autism in California elementary school districts","volume":"107","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935124007321?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935124007321?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:17:42Z","timestamp":1790011062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935124007321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0013935124007321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Associations of neighborhood greenspace, and active living environments with autism spectrum disorders: A matched case-control study in Ontario, Canada","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118828","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2024 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118828"}}