{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:14:05Z","timestamp":1792120445505,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T17:24:21Z","timestamp":1720113861000},"page":"119560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A case-cohort study of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations and incident prostate cancer in the cancer prevention Study-II LifeLink cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"259","author":[{"given":"Alyssa N.","family":"Troeschel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2419-8536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren R.","family":"Teras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Hodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnni","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5418-9000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. Ryan","family":"Diver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7258-3215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Winquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib1","series-title":"Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls","year":"2021"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27941","article-title":"Agent orange as a risk factor for high-grade prostate cancer","volume":"119","author":"Ansbaugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31821d0879","article-title":"Left truncation, susceptibility, and bias in occupational cohort studies","volume":"22","author":"Applebaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiol Camb Mass"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.2307\/2533444","article-title":"Robust variance estimation for the case-cohort design","volume":"50","author":"Barlow","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306615","article-title":"Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposures and incident cancers among adults living near a chemical plant","volume":"121","author":"Barry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14122919","article-title":"Toward a mechanistic understanding of poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances and cancer","volume":"14","author":"Boyd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.258","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins","volume":"7","author":"Buck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Integrated Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.101970","article-title":"The American cancer society cancer prevention study II nutrition cohort: rationale, study design, and baseline characteristics","volume":"94","author":"Calle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib9","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. [Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; [cited 2023 Apr 13]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/exposurereport\/."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23695","article-title":"Agent Orange exposure, Vietnam War veterans, and the risk of prostate cancer","volume":"113","author":"Chamie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws588","article-title":"Cancer risk among tetrafluoroethylene synthesis and polymerization workers","volume":"178","author":"Consonni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00197","article-title":"Does the immune system naturally protect against cancer?","volume":"5","author":"Corthay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780080504","article-title":"Flexible regression models with cubic splines","volume":"8","author":"Durrleman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp041","article-title":"Perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate plasma levels and risk of cancer in the general Danish population","volume":"101","author":"Eriksen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib16","first-page":"950","article-title":"Mortality among employees of a perfluorooctanoic acid production plant","volume":"35","author":"Gilliland","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Occup Med Off Publ Ind Med Assoc."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244815","article-title":"Severity of COVID-19 at elevated exposure to perfluorinated alkylates","volume":"15","author":"Grandjean","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3109\/1547691X.2012.755580","article-title":"Pre-natal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances may be associated with altered vaccine antibody levels and immune-related health outcomes in early childhood","volume":"10","author":"Granum","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunot."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3180582043","article-title":"Self-reported medical conditions in perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride manufacturing workers","volume":"49","author":"Grice","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.10.005","article-title":"Case-control study on perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) and the risk of prostate cancer","volume":"63","author":"Hardell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181c1ea43","article-title":"The hazards of hazard ratios","volume":"21","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol Camb Mass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.198","article-title":"Time trends over 2003-2014 in the concentrations of selected perfluoroalkyl substances among US adults aged \u226520 years: interpretational issues","volume":"645","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.06.011","article-title":"Retrospective cohort mortality study of workers in a polymer production plant including a reference population of regional workers","volume":"18","author":"Leonard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2006.10.009","article-title":"Test for additive interaction in proportional hazards models","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"Pt C","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib25","article-title":"Cancer incidence in a Swedish cohort with high exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in drinking water","volume":"204","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181b5f395","article-title":"Ammonium perfluorooctanoate production and occupational mortality","volume":"20","author":"Lundin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol Camb Mass"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckx066","article-title":"Drinking water contamination from perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): an ecological mortality study in the Veneto Region, Italy","volume":"28","author":"Mastrantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib28","article-title":"Risk of cancer in a community exposed to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances","volume":"16","author":"Messmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.07.003","article-title":"Which modifiable health risk behaviours are related? A systematic review of the clustering of Smoking, Nutrition, Alcohol and Physical activity ('SNAP\u2019) health risk factors","volume":"81","author":"Noble","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.02.011","article-title":"Repeated measurements of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from 1979 to 2007 in males from Northern Norway: assessing time trends, compound correlations and relations to age\/birth cohort","volume":"67","author":"N\u00f8st","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000135546.70469.87","article-title":"Analysis of episodes of care in a perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride production facility","volume":"46","author":"Olsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib32","first-page":"595","article-title":"Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children's health: cancer work group summary","volume":"108","author":"Olshan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714478115","article-title":"Thymic involution and rising disease incidence with age","volume":"115","author":"Palmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.1","article-title":"A case-cohort design for epidemiologic cohort studies and disease prevention trials","volume":"73","author":"Prentice","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102109","article-title":"Mortality and cancer incidence in ammonium perfluorooctanoate production workers","volume":"71","author":"Raleigh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115718","article-title":"A prospective nested case-control study of serum concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and aggressive prostate cancer risk","volume":"228","author":"Rhee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib37","series-title":"Risk to Human Health Related to the Presence of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Food | EFSA [Internet]","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101176","article-title":"A review of published analyses of case-cohort studies and recommendations for future reporting","volume":"9","author":"Sharp","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib39","first-page":"124","article-title":"Prostate cancer in firefighting and police work: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies","volume":"16","author":"Sritharan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Glob Access Sci Source"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws171","article-title":"Cohort mortality study of workers exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid","volume":"176","author":"Steenland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102364","article-title":"A cohort incidence study of workers exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)","volume":"72","author":"Steenland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205829","article-title":"Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure and cancer outcomes in a contaminated community: a geographic analysis","volume":"121","author":"Vieira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2450","article-title":"Bias amplification in epidemiologic analysis of exposure to mixtures","volume":"126","author":"Weisskopf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"Suppl. 5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S422","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201602-095AW","article-title":"Aging of the immune system. Mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"13","author":"Weyand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP13174","article-title":"Case-cohort study of the association between PFAS and selected cancers among participants in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II cohort","volume":"131","author":"Winquist","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935124014658?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935124014658?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T08:04:42Z","timestamp":1726905882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935124014658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0013935124014658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A case-cohort study of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations and incident prostate cancer in the cancer prevention Study-II LifeLink cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119560","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119560"}}