{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:49:27Z","timestamp":1793198967069,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,7]],"date-time":"2024-12-07T00:32:26Z","timestamp":1733531546000},"page":"120557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prenatal exposure to heat and humidity and infant birth size in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"266","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5616-1223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aalekhya","family":"Reddam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Nuhu","family":"Mujtaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cascade","family":"Tuholske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyram","family":"Kaali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth Ayuurebobi","family":"Ae-Ngibise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blair J.","family":"Wylie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8825-5750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle N.","family":"Medgyesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Boamah-Kaali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea A.","family":"Baccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Agyei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6685-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve N.","family":"Chillrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwaku Poku","family":"Asante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darby W.","family":"Jack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison G.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulemana Watara","family":"Abubakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2016.01.015","article-title":"Weather shocks and health at birth in Colombia","volume":"82","author":"Andal\u00f3n","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0322-5","article-title":"The health effects of hotter summers and heat waves in the population of the United Kingdom: a review of the evidence","volume":"16","author":"Arbuthnott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit366","article-title":"Placental malaria and the risk of malaria in infants in a high malaria transmission area in Ghana: a prospective cohort study","volume":"208","author":"Asante","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0209-5","article-title":"The impact of high apparent temperature on spontaneous preterm delivery: a case-crossover study","volume":"16","author":"Avalos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldwin JW, Benmarhnia T, Ebi KL, Jay O, Lutsko NJ, Vanos JK. Humidity's role in heat-related health outcomes: a heated debate. Environ. Health Perspect. 131(5):055001.","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11807"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11807","article-title":"Humidity's role in heat-related health outcomes: a heated debate","volume":"131","author":"Baldwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy116","article-title":"Temperature and term low birth weight in California","volume":"187","author":"Basu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-00990-z","article-title":"Maternal mortality in six low and lower-middle income countries from 2010 to 2018: risk factors and trends","volume":"17","author":"Bauserman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8243","article-title":"Association of air pollution and heat exposure with preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth in the US","volume":"3","author":"Bekkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2014.989365","article-title":"Heat index and adjusted temperature as surrogates for wet bulb globe temperature to screen for occupational heat stress","volume":"12","author":"Bernard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/met.2049","article-title":"Climatic zoning of Ghana using selected meteorological variables for the period 1976\u20132018","volume":"29","author":"Bessah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.3797","article-title":"Gestational age assessment in the Ghana randomized air pollution and health study (GRAPHS): ultrasound capacity building, fetal biometry protocol development, and ongoing quality control","volume":"3","author":"Boamah","year":"2014","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e968","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00242-X","article-title":"Environmental heat stress on maternal physiology and fetal blood flow in pregnant subsistence farmers in the Gambia, west Africa","volume":"6","author":"Bonell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2013.11.005","article-title":"Cold ambient temperature in utero and birth outcomes in Uppsala, Sweden, 1915\u20131929","volume":"24","author":"Bruckner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.07.003","article-title":"Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT)\u2014its history and its limitations","volume":"11","author":"Budd","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105187","article-title":"An overview of adult health outcomes after preterm birth","volume":"150","author":"Crump","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"issue":"10301","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01208-3","article-title":"Hot weather and heat extremes: health risks","volume":"398","author":"Ebi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2005.00244.x","article-title":"Changes in serum levels of heat shock protein 70 in preterm delivery and pre-eclampsia","volume":"31","author":"Fukushima","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5963","article-title":"Modeling exposure\u2013lag\u2013response associations with distributed lag non-linear models","volume":"33","author":"Gasparrini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.01.010","article-title":"Impact of heat on mortality and morbidity in low and middle income countries: a review of the epidemiological evidence and considerations for future research","volume":"171","author":"Green","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-015-0930-8","article-title":"Ghana randomized air pollution and health study (GRAPHS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Jack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2012-0174","article-title":"Mapping occupational heat exposure and effects in south-East Asia: ongoing time trends 1980\u20132011 and future estimates to 2050","volume":"51","author":"Kjellstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.MS1352","article-title":"Calculating workplace WBGT from meteorological data: a tool for climate change assessment","volume":"50","author":"Lemke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2015.08.008","article-title":"Climate change, human rights, and social justice","volume":"81","author":"Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116412","article-title":"The relationship between extreme ambient temperature and small for gestational age: a cohort study of 1,436,480 singleton term births in China","volume":"232","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e484","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00117-6","article-title":"Heat exposure and cardiovascular health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-023-00606-1","article-title":"Geospatial determinants of maternal and child exposure to fine particulate matter in Kintampo, Ghana: levels within the household and community, by surrounding building density and near roadways","volume":"34","author":"Medgyesi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-022-01948-4","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in young adults born small for gestational age: a prospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Mehl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib30","unstructured":"NOAA. Heat Index Equation [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jun 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov\/html\/heatindex_equation.shtml."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib31","series-title":"Monthly Global Climate Report for Annual 2022 [Internet]","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2023.10.029","article-title":"Estimating surface air temperature from multiple gridded observations and reanalysis datasets over Ghana","volume":"73","author":"Oduro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105219","article-title":"Gestational diabetes, environmental temperature and climate factors \u2013 from epidemiological evidence to physiological mechanisms","volume":"155","author":"Pace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.44.368","article-title":"Heat stress standard ISO 7243 and its global application","volume":"44","author":"Parsons","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1159\/000500853","article-title":"Heat stress impacts on cardiac mortality in Nepali migrant workers in Qatar","volume":"143","author":"Pradhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.87a.19108","article-title":"Long-term consequences of prematurity","volume":"87","author":"Pravia","year":"2020","journal-title":"CCJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106659","article-title":"Prenatal household air pollutant exposure is associated with reduced size and gestational age at birth among a cohort of Ghanaian infants","volume":"155","author":"Quinn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-016-0041-6","article-title":"Temperature during pregnancy influences the fetal growth and birth size","volume":"45","author":"Rashid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0039","article-title":"Small for gestational age: short stature and beyond","volume":"28","author":"Saenger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-022-02301-6","article-title":"Physiological mechanisms of the impact of heat during pregnancy and the clinical implications: review of the evidence from an expert group meeting","volume":"66","author":"Samuels","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232877","article-title":"Temperature and preeclampsia: epidemiological evidence that perturbation in maternal heat homeostasis affects pregnancy outcome","volume":"15","author":"Shashar","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib43","author":"Sheffield"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib44","article-title":"Continental-scale building detection from high resolution satellite imagery","author":"Sirko","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.01.023","article-title":"The influence of season and ambient temperature on birth outcomes: a review of the epidemiological literature","volume":"111","author":"Strand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP4648","article-title":"Ambient temperature and markers of fetal growth: a retrospective observational study of 29 million U.S. Singleton births","volume":"127","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2024792118","article-title":"Global urban population exposure to extreme heat","volume":"118","author":"Tuholske","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00643-7","article-title":"Development and validation of the CHIRTS-daily quasi-global high-resolution daily temperature data set","volume":"7","author":"Verdin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx184","article-title":"Potential for bias when estimating critical windows for air pollution in children's health","volume":"186","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.181","article-title":"The association between short and long-term exposure to PM2.5 and temperature and hospital admissions in New England and the synergistic effect of the short -term exposures","volume":"639","author":"Yitshak-Sade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.02.066","article-title":"Temperature exposure during pregnancy and birth outcomes: an updated systematic review of epidemiological evidence","volume":"225","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935124024617?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935124024617?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T21:41:26Z","timestamp":1738359686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935124024617"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0013935124024617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prenatal exposure to heat and humidity and infant birth size in Ghana","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120557","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120557"}}