{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T10:04:36Z","timestamp":1784714676532,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003397","name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5003261055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5003261055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42277014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42277014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3708803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3708803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T08:35:41Z","timestamp":1752568541000},"page":"122291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"P1","title":["Roles of calcium alginate coating ferrous sulfide in promoting Pb, Zn, and Cd immobilization in the Pb\/Zn smelter soil"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"285","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anxu","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7468-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110658","article-title":"Adsorption of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on polystyrene microplastics in aquatic environments: kinetic, isotherm and site energy distribution analysis","volume":"198","author":"Abdurahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122383","article-title":"Guidelines for the use and interpretation of adsorption isotherm models: a review","volume":"393","author":"Al-Ghouti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2017.04.025","article-title":"Oxidative dissolution of amorphous FeS and speciation of secondary Fe minerals: effects of pH and As(III) concentration","volume":"462","author":"An","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00374-002-0481-5","article-title":"Alginate microbeads as inoculant carriers for plant growth-promoting bacteria","volume":"35","author":"Bashan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestengg.3c00590","article-title":"Rational surface oxidation promoted long-term Cd(II) removal performance of Mackinawite (FeS)","volume":"4","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS ES T Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12624","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02832","article-title":"Stabilization and mineralization mechanism of Cd with Cu-loaded attapulgite stabilizer assisted with microwave irradiation","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.12.175","article-title":"Modification, application and reaction mechanisms of nano-sized iron sulfide particles for pollutant removal from soil and water: a review","volume":"362","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120962","article-title":"Microbial mechanisms of C\/N\/S geochemical cycling during low-water-level sediment remediation in urban rivers","volume":"359","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1021\/es990773r","article-title":"Lead and cadmium interactions with mackinawite: retention mechanisms and the role of pH","volume":"34","author":"Coles","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib10","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of lead (Pb) and its effects on human: a review","volume":"7","author":"Collin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Advan."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.12.010","article-title":"Effect of non-cross-linked calcium on characteristics, swelling behaviour, drug release and mucoadhesiveness of calcium alginate beads","volume":"140","author":"Dalaty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1021\/es00025a009","article-title":"Acid volatile sulfide predicts the acute toxicity of cadmium and nickel in sediments","volume":"26","author":"Di Toro","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4390","DOI":"10.1021\/es049885v","article-title":"Leaching of heavy metals from contaminated soils: an experimental and modeling study","volume":"38","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121280","article-title":"Alginate-metal cation interactions: macromolecular approach","volume":"321","author":"Donati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib15","series-title":"Surface Complexation Modeling: Hydrous Ferric Oxide","author":"Dzombak","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118470","article-title":"The potential of ferrihydrite-synthetic humic-like acid composite as a soil amendment for metal-contaminated agricultural soil: immobilization mechanisms by combining abiotic and biotic perspectives","volume":"250","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.418","article-title":"A novel method for evaluating the potential release of trace metals associated with rainfall leaching\/runoff from urban soils","volume":"664","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113782","article-title":"The effects of cadmium toxicity","volume":"17","author":"Genchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3986","DOI":"10.1021\/es404418a","article-title":"Immobilization of mercury by carboxymethyl cellulose stabilized iron sulfide nanoparticles: reaction mechanisms and effects of stabilizer and water chemistry","volume":"48","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2006.11.022","article-title":"Modelling the adsorption of Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) onto Fithian illite","volume":"307","author":"Gu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-025-02366-3","article-title":"The role of cationic bridges in enhancing sulfamethoxazole adsorption onto montmorillonite","volume":"47","author":"Guan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154726","article-title":"Multifaceted evaluation of distribution, occurrence, and leaching features of typical heavy metals in different-sized coal gasification fine slag from Ningdong region, China: a case study","volume":"831","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib23","series-title":"Soil and sediment\u2014Determination of sulfide\u2014Methylene blue spectrophotometric method","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121252","article-title":"Mechanism of clay mineral modified biochar simultaneously immobilizes heavy metals and reduces soil carbon emissions","volume":"361","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.122824","article-title":"Review on microwave immobilization of soil heavy metals: processes and mechanisms","volume":"370","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2010.03.012","article-title":"Aerobic oxidation of mackinawite (FeS) and its environmental implication for arsenic mobilization","volume":"74","author":"Jeong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.04.198","article-title":"Responses of soil buffering capacity to acid treatment in three typical subtropical forests","volume":"563\u2012564","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-021-03642-z","article-title":"Zinc toxicity in plants: a review","volume":"253","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132071","article-title":"Cation-pi mechanism promotes the adsorption of humic acid on polystyrene nanoplastics to differently affect their aggregation: evidence from experimental characterization and DFT calculation","volume":"459","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2004.11.050","article-title":"Ion binding to natural organic matter: general considerations and the NICA\u2013Donnan model","volume":"265","author":"Koopal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14198","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201802435","article-title":"Spectroscopic fingerprints of intermolecular H-bonding interactions in carbon nitride model compounds","volume":"24","author":"Lanzilotto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.03.031","article-title":"Characterization of dissolved organic matter in the rhizosphere of hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii and its effect on the mobility of zinc","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.01.100","article-title":"Mobilization of cadmium by dissolved organic matter in the rhizosphere of hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.12.025","article-title":"Contamination and health risks of soil heavy metals around a lead\/zinc smelter in southwestern China","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128108","article-title":"Heavy metals in the water-level-fluctuation zone soil of the three Gorges Reservoir, China: remobilization and catchment-wide transportation","volume":"612","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134083","article-title":"Variety-dependent responses of rice plants with differential cadmium accumulating capacity to cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs): cadmium uptake, antioxidative enzyme activity, and gene expression","volume":"697","author":"Lian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.03.022","article-title":"Acidic leaching of potentially toxic metals cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc from two Zn smelting slag materials incubated in an acidic soil","volume":"238","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126415","article-title":"Heavy metal concentration, potential ecological risk assessment and enzyme activity in soils affected by a lead-zinc tailing spill in Guangxi, China","volume":"251","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114739","article-title":"Nano-FeS incorporated into stable lignin hydrogel: a novel strategy for cadmium removal from soil","volume":"264","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.130915","article-title":"Competitive adsorption of lead and cadmium on soil aggregate at micro-interfaces: Multi-surface modeling and spectroscopic studies","volume":"448","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SM01435A","article-title":"Tuning alginate beta-lactoglobulin complex coacervation by modulating pH and temperature","volume":"19","author":"Madsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1021\/es0258879","article-title":"Generic NICA-Donnan model parameters for metal-ion binding by humic substances","volume":"37","author":"Milne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.8b03691","article-title":"Calcium alginate thin films derived from Sargassum natans for the selective adsorption of Cd2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ ions","volume":"58","author":"Mohammed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12010219","article-title":"Soil nutrient retention and pH buffering capacity are enhanced by calciprill and sodium silicate","volume":"12","author":"Ng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2024.113177","article-title":"Adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of individual and a quinary mixture of heavy metal ions on novel CoFe2O4-BiFeO3 nanosorbents in water","volume":"170","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121225","article-title":"Adsorption characteristics of individual and binary mixture of ciprofloxacin antibiotic and lead(II) on synthesized bamboo-biochar","volume":"273","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.07.022","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions by using Turkish illitic clay","volume":"92","author":"Ozdes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9005","DOI":"10.1021\/es801777n","article-title":"Adsorption mechanisms of organic chemicals on carbon nanotubes","volume":"42","author":"Pan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c00984","article-title":"Alginate-chitosan biodegradable and biocompatible based hydrogel for breast cancer immunotherapy and diagnosis: a comprehensive review","volume":"7","author":"Patra","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.04.106","article-title":"Effect of multiple iron-based nanoparticles on availability of lead and iron, and micro-ecology in lead contaminated soil","volume":"228","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2004.09.003","article-title":"Development of a sequential extraction procedure for iron: implications for iron partitioning in continentally derived particulates","volume":"214","author":"Poulton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132618","article-title":"Alginate-based nano-adsorbent materials - bioinspired solution to mitigate hazardous environmental pollutants","volume":"288","author":"Qamar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib53","series-title":"Synthesis of Solid Catalysts","first-page":"33","article-title":"Electrostatic adsorption","author":"Regalbuto","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(01)00745-1","article-title":"Biogeochemistry of pyrite and iron sulfide oxidation in marine sediments","volume":"66","author":"Schippers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29133130","article-title":"Zinc toxicity: understanding the limits","volume":"29","author":"Schoofs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114769","article-title":"Preparation of phosphorus-modified biochar for the immobilization of heavy metals in typical lead-zinc contaminated mining soil: performance, mechanism and microbial community","volume":"218","author":"Sha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122281","article-title":"Dissolved organic matter (DOM) removal from biotreated coking wastewater by chitosan-modified biochar: adsorption fractions and mechanisms","volume":"297","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.161265","article-title":"Recycled biochar adsorption combined with CaCl2 washing to increase rice yields and decrease Cd levels in grains and paddy soils: a field study","volume":"865","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173536","article-title":"Roles of the SOM and clay minerals in alleviating the leaching of Pb, Zn, and Cd from the Pb\/Zn smelter soil: multi-surface model and DFT study","volume":"940","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.164957","article-title":"Enhanced performance of calcium alginate-modified ferrous sulfide on the adsorption of Pb, Zn, and Cd: mechanism and stability of the products","volume":"519","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2018.10.002","article-title":"Removal of heavy metal (Hg(II) and Cr(VI)) ions from aqueous solutions using Fe2O3@SiO2 thin films as a novel adsorbent","volume":"120","author":"Sobhanardakani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156417","article-title":"Recent advances in soil remediation technology for heavy metal contaminated sites: a critical review","volume":"838","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.07.132","article-title":"Removal of Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ from aqueous solutions by magnetic alginate microsphere based on Fe3O4\/MgAl-layered double hydroxide","volume":"532","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.03.126","article-title":"Enhanced performance for Hg(II) removal using biomaterial (CMC\/gelatin\/starch) stabilized FeS nanoparticles: stabilization effects and removal mechanism","volume":"344","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1021\/ac50043a017","article-title":"Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals","volume":"51","author":"Tessier","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135402","article-title":"Efficient removal and long-term sequestration of cadmium from aqueous solution using ferrous sulfide nanoparticles: performance, mechanisms, and long-term stability","volume":"704","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.113741","article-title":"Iron-based materials for immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils: a critical review","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib68","article-title":"Synthesis of novel hydrochar from lemongrass distillation waste and its application in individual and simultaneous adsorption of a mixture of heavy metal ions","volume":"71","author":"Truong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Water Proc. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132498","article-title":"Preparation of high-capacity macroporous adsorbent using lignite-derived humic acid and its multifunctional binding chemistry for heavy metals in wastewater","volume":"363","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124635","article-title":"Enhanced removal of trace mercury from surface water using a novel Mg2Al layered double hydroxide supported iron sulfide composite","volume":"393","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2004.6620","article-title":"Mapping soil pH buffering capacity of selected fields in the coastal plain","volume":"68","author":"Weaver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142753","article-title":"Response of soil microbial community structure and function to the sewage leakage: a case study of a 25-year-old cesspool","volume":"363","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4436","DOI":"10.1021\/es010085j","article-title":"Contribution of individual sorbents to the control of heavy metal activity in sandy soil","volume":"35","author":"Weng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6487","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05861","article-title":"In situ preparation of stabilized iron sulfide nanoparticle-impregnated alginate composite for selenite remediation","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.03.023","article-title":"Reactivity enhancement of iron sulfide nanoparticles stabilized by sodium alginate: taking Cr (VI) removal as an example","volume":"333","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15091838","article-title":"Risk assessment and source identification of toxic metals in the agricultural soil around a Pb\/Zn mining and smelting area in southwest China","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.087","article-title":"Effect of sulfur-iron modified biochar on the available cadmium and bacterial community structure in contaminated soils","volume":"647","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2022.106261","article-title":"Review of soil heavy metal pollution in China: spatial distribution, primary sources, and remediation alternatives","volume":"181","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112080","article-title":"Effective immobilization of heavy metals via reactive barrier by rhizosphere bacteria and their biofilms","volume":"207","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05412","article-title":"Effect of soil fulvic and humic acids on Pb binding to the goethite\/solution interface: ligand charge distribution modeling and speciation distribution of Pb","volume":"52","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127127","article-title":"The geochemical behaviors of potentially toxic elements in a typical lead\/zinc (Pb\/Zn) smelter contaminated soil with quantitative mineralogical assessments","volume":"424","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134382","article-title":"Removal of heavy metal(loid)s from aqueous solution by biogenic FeS\u2013kaolin composite: behaviors and mechanisms","volume":"299","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113617","article-title":"Cadmium, lead and arsenic contamination in an abandoned nonferrous metal smelting site in southern China: chemical speciation and mobility","volume":"239","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17061968","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variation and pollution assessment of Pb\/Zn from smelting activities in China","volume":"17","author":"Zang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2019.12.022","article-title":"A combined first principles and classical molecular dynamics study of clay-soil organic matters (SOMs) interactions","volume":"291","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935125015427?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935125015427?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:37:59Z","timestamp":1777462679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935125015427"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["S0013935125015427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Roles of calcium alginate coating ferrous sulfide in promoting Pb, Zn, and Cd immobilization in the Pb\/Zn smelter soil","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122291","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"122291"}}