{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T10:24:00Z","timestamp":1784715840521,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004571","name":"Minist\u00e8re des Affaires Sociales et de la Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-COHO-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-COHO-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011044","name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Culture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011044","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101001420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101001420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001677","name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004562","name":"Minist\u00e8re de l'Enseignement sup\u00e9rieur et de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003562","name":"Ministry of Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020484","name":"Directed Energy Professional Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T06:34:14Z","timestamp":1759127654000},"page":"122965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"P3","title":["Residential greenness trajectories and child emotional and behavioral difficulties in early childhood: results from ELFE mother-child cohort"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"286","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4156-0026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eloi","family":"Chazelas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0471-9269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devin","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7692-7281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florencia","family":"Barreto-Zarza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4025-4390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie Aline","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Melchior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-024-00641-6","article-title":"Environmental and social inequities in continental France: an analysis of exposure to heat, air pollution, and lack of vegetation","volume":"34","author":"Ad\u00e9la\u00efde","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.45","article-title":"Testing graphical causal models using the R package \u201cdagitty\u201d","volume":"1","author":"Ankan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Protoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786","article-title":"An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies","volume":"46","author":"Austin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6757","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110706757","article-title":"Impact of residential greenness on preschool children's emotional and behavioral problems","volume":"11","author":"Balseviciene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115340","article-title":"Exposure to greenspace and bluespace and cognitive functioning in children \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"222","author":"Buczy\u0142owska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz227","article-title":"Cohort profile: the French national cohort of children (ELFE): birth to 5 years","volume":"49","author":"Charles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759.24.1.1","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire in a community sample of French-speaking adolescents","volume":"24","author":"d'Acremont","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030235","article-title":"The relationship between neighbourhood green space and child mental wellbeing depends upon whom you ask: multilevel evidence from 3083 children aged 12\u201313 years","volume":"14","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.06.035","article-title":"Residential green space quantity and quality and child well-being: a longitudinal study","volume":"53","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122143","article-title":"Availability, accessibility, and use of green spaces and cognitive development in primary school children","volume":"334","author":"Fernandes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2014.06.007","article-title":"The role of urban neighbourhood green space in children's emotional and behavioural resilience","volume":"40","author":"Flouri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200111000-00015","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire","volume":"40","author":"Goodman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib13","first-page":"125","article-title":"The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a pilot study on the validity of the self-report version. Eur child adolesc psychiatry","volume":"7","author":"Goodman","year":"1998","journal-title":"sept"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib14","article-title":"Relative importance of perceived physical and social neighborhood characteristics for depression: a machine learning approach","author":"Helbich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatr. Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14080916","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in green space quality and accessibility\u2014evidence from a Southern European City","volume":"14","author":"Hoffimann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118208","article-title":"Early life exposure to greenness and executive function and behavior: an application of inverse probability weighting of marginal structural models","volume":"291","author":"Jimenez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11164","article-title":"Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in multiple measures of blue and green spaces in the United States","volume":"131","author":"Klompmaker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.15281","article-title":"Multiple imputation: a flexible tool for handling missing data","volume":"314","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112599","article-title":"Does exposure to greenness improve children's neuropsychological development and mental health? A navigation guide systematic review of observational evidence for associations","volume":"206","author":"Luque-Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.06.002","article-title":"Access to urban green spaces and behavioural problems in children: results from the GINIplus and LISAplus studies","volume":"71","author":"Markevych","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.06.028","article-title":"Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: theoretical and methodological guidance","volume":"158","author":"Markevych","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-006-0152-x","article-title":"Variability in use of cut-off scores and formats on the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale \u2013 implications for clinical and research practice","volume":"9","author":"Matthey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5753","article-title":"A tutorial on propensity score estimation for multiple treatments using generalized boosted models","volume":"32","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib24","article-title":"Availability, use of, and satisfaction with green space, and children's mental wellbeing at age 4 years in a multicultural, deprived, urban area: results from the born in Bradford cohort study","volume":"2","author":"McEachan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131413","article-title":"Group-based trajectory modeling in clinical research","volume":"6","author":"Nagin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2024.102336","article-title":"Benefits of nature exposure on cognitive functioning in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000549","article-title":"Fifty shades of green: pathway to healthy urban living","volume":"28","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology. janv"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib28","article-title":"Psychological impacts of \u201cscreen time\u201d and \u201cgreen time\u201d for children and adolescents: a systematic scoping review","volume":"15","author":"Oswald","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE. 4 sept"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib29","article-title":"Do physical activity, social interaction, and mental health mediate the association between green space quality and child prosocial behaviour?","volume":"64","author":"Putra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 1 sept"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0200-z","article-title":"Children's low-level pesticide exposure and associations with autism and ADHD: a review","volume":"85","author":"Roberts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib31","article-title":"The urban exposome during pregnancy and its socioeconomic determinants","volume":"126","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives. juill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2022.103329","article-title":"The influence of limited financial resources on daily travel practices. A case study of low-income households with children in the Hanover region (Germany)","volume":"100","author":"Rozynek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transport Geogr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.02.006","article-title":"Relationship between neighbourhood socioeconomic position and neighbourhood public green space availability: an environmental inequality analysis in a large German city applying generalized linear models","volume":"220","author":"Sch\u00fcle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094429","article-title":"Walkability and greenness do not walk together: investigating associations between greenness and walkability in a large Metropolitan city context","volume":"18","author":"Shuvo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib35","unstructured":"Sim\u00e9on T. ELFE Survey: Weighting National Survey Data."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2393","article-title":"Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls","volume":"338","author":"Sterne","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.5742","article-title":"Green space and internalizing or externalizing symptoms among children","volume":"7","author":"Towe-Goodman","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(79)90013-0","article-title":"Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation","volume":"8","author":"Tucker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.08.028","article-title":"Residential landscape as a predictor of psychosocial stress in the life course from childhood to adolescence","volume":"120","author":"Van Aart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.04.012","article-title":"Association of sociodemographic and environmental factors with the mental health status among preschool children\u2014Results from a cross-sectional study in Bavaria, Germany","volume":"219","author":"Zach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153608","article-title":"Greenspace exposure and children behavior: a systematic review","volume":"824","author":"Zare Sakhvidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935125022182?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935125022182?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T11:26:26Z","timestamp":1773141986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935125022182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0013935125022182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Residential greenness trajectories and child emotional and behavioral difficulties in early childhood: results from ELFE mother-child cohort","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122965","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"122965"}}