{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:25:28Z","timestamp":1790486728926,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:07:05Z","timestamp":1767744425000},"page":"123703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Developmental toxicity of metals: Three decades of insights into mechanisms, epigenetics, and transgenerational inheritance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"292","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6647-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose L.","family":"Domingo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10950","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07718-3","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of curcumin against lead acetate-induced hemato-biochemical alterations, hepatotoxicity, and testicular oxidative damage in rats","volume":"27","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22816","article-title":"Developmental toxicity of lead in rats after gestational exposure and the protective role of taurine","volume":"35","author":"Aglan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-022-00226-7","article-title":"The causes and effects of mercury and methylmercury contamination in the marine environment: a review","volume":"8","author":"Al-Sulaiti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Pollut. Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020322800914","article-title":"Influence of maternal stress on uranium-induced developmental toxicity in rats","volume":"228","author":"Albina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2005.06.027","article-title":"Restraint stress does not enhance the uranium-induced developmental and behavioral effects in the offspring of uranium-exposed male rats","volume":"215","author":"Albina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6866(1996)16:1<7::AID-TCM2>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Reprotoxic and genotoxic studies of vanadium pentoxide in male mice","volume":"16","author":"Altamirano-Lozano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib7","first-page":"19","volume":"11","author":"Altamirano-Lozano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunot."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23508","article-title":"Vanadium(IV) oxide affects embryonic development in mice","volume":"37","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Barrera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2016.03.001","article-title":"Methylmercury and brain development: a review of recent literature","volume":"38","author":"Antunes Dos Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics6030047","article-title":"Oxidative stress in methylmercury-induced cell toxicity","volume":"6","author":"Antunes Dos Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/tx050106d","article-title":"Arsenic toxicology: five questions","volume":"19","author":"Aposhian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"issue":"5\u201310","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1191\/0748233701th111oa","article-title":"A review of the effects of uranium and depleted uranium exposure on reproduction and fetal development","volume":"17","author":"Arfsten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316558","article-title":"Mechanisms of cadmium neurotoxicity","volume":"24","author":"Arruebarrena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib14","series-title":"Toxicological Profile for Selenium","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib15","series-title":"Toxicological Profile for Cobalt","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5382","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065382","article-title":"Biological consequences of vanadium effects on formation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation","volume":"24","author":"Aureliano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021070","article-title":"Evidence on neurotoxicity after intrauterine and childhood exposure to organomercurials","volume":"20","author":"Azevedo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.643972","article-title":"Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: Mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic","volume":"12","author":"Balali-Mood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.07.006","article-title":"Chromium VI - induced developmental toxicity of placenta is mediated through spatiotemporal dysregulation of cell survival and apoptotic proteins","volume":"68","author":"Banu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020251","article-title":"The role of selenium in pathologies: an updated review","volume":"11","author":"Barchielli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6733","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15196733","article-title":"Dispersion and aggregation fate of individual and Co-Existing metal nanoparticles under environmental aqueous suspension conditions","volume":"15","author":"Bathi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4526","article-title":"Cadmium as an ovarian toxicant: a review","volume":"44","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.03.003","article-title":"Manganese exposure and neurotoxic effects in children","volume":"155","author":"Bj\u00f8rklund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867330666230409135310","article-title":"Early-life lead exposure: risks and neurotoxic consequences","volume":"31","author":"Bj\u00f8rklund","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.2174\/092986705774462987","article-title":"Chelators as antidotes of metal toxicity: therapeutic and experimental aspects","volume":"12","author":"Blanusa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168388","article-title":"Impacts of climate change on the fate of contaminants through extreme weather events","volume":"909","author":"Bolan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.120.000007","article-title":"New advances in the pharmacology and toxicology of lithium: a neurobiologically oriented overview","volume":"76","author":"Bortolozzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04691","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans","volume":"6","author":"Briffa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(01)00048-5","article-title":"Interactions between cadmium and zinc in the organism","volume":"39","author":"Brz\u00f3ska","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00238-6","article-title":"The role of manganese dysregulation in neurological disease: emerging evidence","volume":"20","author":"Budinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2006.09.001","article-title":"Methylmercury elicits rapid inhibition of cell proliferation in the developing brain and decreases cell cycle regulator","volume":"27","author":"Burke","year":"2006","journal-title":"cyclin E. Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.09.012","article-title":"Oral bioaccessibility of arsenic, Mercury and methylmercury in marine species commercialized in Catalonia (Spain) and health risks for the consumers","volume":"86","author":"Cano-Sancho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2008.03.005","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental toxicity of methylmercury: laboratory animal data and their contribution to human risk assessment","volume":"51","author":"Castoldi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1286-1","article-title":"Developmental neurotoxicity of arsenic: involvement of oxidative stress and mitochondrial functions","volume":"186","author":"Chandravanshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(02)00282-5","article-title":"Apoptosis and necrosis in developing brain cells due to arsenic toxicity and protection with antioxidants","volume":"136","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib37","unstructured":"Chen RJ, Lee VR. Cobalt toxicity. In: Statpearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [Updated 2023 Jul 29], [Internet], Available at: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK587403\/(accessed October 9, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.11.121","article-title":"Maternal exposure to nickel in relation to preterm delivery","volume":"193","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70241","article-title":"Heavy metals toxicity: mechanism, health effects, and therapeutic interventions","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9060142","article-title":"Mechanisms of metal-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in neurological disorders","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.07.020","article-title":"The control of histone methylation and gene expression by oxidative stress, hypoxia, and metals","volume":"53","author":"Chervona","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(95)00140-E","article-title":"Effects of maternal stress on methylmercury-induced developmental toxicity in mice","volume":"58","author":"Colomina","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(96)00462-3","article-title":"Influence of maternal stress on the effects of prenatal exposure to methylmercury and arsenic on postnatal development and behavior in mice: a preliminary evaluation","volume":"61","author":"Colomina","year":"1997","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5056","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115056","article-title":"Genotoxic effects of Chromium(III) and Cobalt(II) and their mixtures on the selected cell lines","volume":"6","author":"Czarnek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2017-0171","article-title":"Primary concept of nickel toxicity - an overview","volume":"30","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302231201259","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution in the environment and its impact on health: exploring green technology for remediation","volume":"17","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(98)00021-5","article-title":"An assessment of the developmental toxicity of inorganic arsenic","volume":"12","author":"DeSesso","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1521336","article-title":"Navigating redox imbalance: the role of oxidative stress in embryonic development and long-term health outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Divvela","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399409531868","article-title":"Metal-induced developmental toxicity in mammals: a review","volume":"42","author":"Domingo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(94)00060-3","article-title":"Prevention by chelating agents of metal-induced developmental toxicity","volume":"9","author":"Domingo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(96)00019-6","article-title":"Vanadium: a review of the reproductive and developmental toxicity","volume":"10","author":"Domingo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(98)00036-7","article-title":"Developmental toxicity of metal chelating agents","volume":"12","author":"Domingo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(01)00181-2","article-title":"Reproductive and developmental toxicity of natural and depleted uranium: a review","volume":"15","author":"Domingo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib54","article-title":"Mixture toxicity: evidence from experimental studies on concurrent chemical exposures","author":"Domingo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Qeios (preprint)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.04.006","article-title":"Consequences of lead exposure, and it's emerging role as an epigenetic modifier in the aging brain","volume":"56","author":"Eid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49844-3_7","article-title":"Combined toxicity of metal nanoparticles: comparison of individual and mixture particles effect","volume":"1275","author":"Engin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib57","series-title":"Statpearls","article-title":"Manganese toxicity","author":"Evans","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.06.030","article-title":"In utero and early life arsenic exposure in relation to long-term health and disease","volume":"272","author":"Farzan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics6010016","article-title":"Cadmium nephrotoxicity is associated with altered MicroRNA expression in the Rat renal cortex","volume":"6","author":"Fay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7072745","article-title":"Chelation in metal intoxication","volume":"7","author":"Flora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib61","first-page":"501","article-title":"Heavy metal induced oxidative stress and its possible reversal by chelation therapy","volume":"128","author":"Flora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19030228","article-title":"Lithium exposure during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review and meta-analysis of safety and efficacy outcomes","volume":"177","author":"Fornaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2398-0","article-title":"Case report: high chromium and cobalt levels in a pregnant patient with bilateral metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties","volume":"470","author":"Fritzsche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.09.006","article-title":"Prenatal lead exposure and childhood executive function and behavioral difficulties in project viva","volume":"75","author":"Fruh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfad111","article-title":"Arsenic toxicity: sources, pathophysiology and mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Ganie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib66","article-title":"Exploring the impact of nickel exposure on female fertility","volume":"16","author":"Ganz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-019-01740-8","article-title":"Arsenic-induced neurotoxicity: a mechanistic appraisal","volume":"24","author":"Garza-Lomb\u00f3","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biol Inorg Chem"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12101335","article-title":"Prevalence of cobalt in the environment and its role in biological processes","volume":"12","author":"Genchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2012.670419","article-title":"Lithium in pregnancy: the need to treat, the duty to ensure safety","volume":"11","author":"Gentile","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expet Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153249","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic and neighborhood disparities in metals exposure during pregnancy in the Northeastern United States","volume":"820","author":"Geron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300121","article-title":"Disproportionate exposures in environmental justice and other populations: the importance of outliers","volume":"101","author":"Gochfeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/009841096161087","article-title":"What we know and what we need to know about developmental aluminum toxicity","volume":"48","author":"Golub","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04297-z","article-title":"Levels of rare Earth elements in food and human dietary exposure: a review","volume":"203","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101855","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin B12 and cobalt metabolism in domestic ruminant: an update","volume":"10","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Monta\u00f1a","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/cns3.70015","article-title":"Manganese neurotoxicity and familial disorders of manganese transport","volume":"3","author":"Gospe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annals Child Neurology Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.09.043","article-title":"Aluminum exposure induces ferroptosis in spermatogenic cells of mice through iron overload and lipid peroxidation","volume":"241","author":"Guangji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113855","article-title":"Lead (Pb) and neurodevelopment: a review on exposure and biomarkers of effect (BDNF, HDL) and susceptibility","volume":"238","author":"Gundacker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.06.024","article-title":"Multi-generational impacts of arsenic exposure on genome-wide DNA methylation and the implications for arsenic-induced skin lesions","volume":"119","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00413-5","article-title":"Can antioxidants be beneficial in the treatment of lead poisoning?","volume":"29","author":"Gurer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105048","article-title":"Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. Part I. Hazard assessment of non-cancer health effects","volume":"126","author":"Hessel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.10.017","article-title":"Environmental toxicology: sensitive periods of development and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"58","author":"Heyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179108","article-title":"Characteristics of the transfer of mercury and other trace elements between dam and fetus in a relatively high-mercury content species, the small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata)","volume":"974","author":"Horai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-020-0061-y","article-title":"Metal contamination and bioremediation of agricultural soils for food safety and sustainability","volume":"1","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"issue":"6744","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr5214","article-title":"Global soil pollution by toxic metals threatens agriculture and human health","volume":"388","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116360","article-title":"Molecular crosstalk and putative mechanisms underlying mitochondrial quality control: the hidden link with methylmercury-induced cognitive impairment","volume":"278","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.052038","article-title":"The effects of developmental cadmium exposure on health and disease","volume":"18","author":"Hudson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-025-00474-x","article-title":"Zinc as a mechanism-based strategy for mitigation of metals toxicity","volume":"12","author":"Hudson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib88","series-title":"Statpearls","article-title":"Aluminum toxicity","author":"Jackson","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135560","article-title":"Projecting impacts of climate change on metal mobilization at contaminated sites: controls by the groundwater level","volume":"712","author":"Jarsj\u00f6","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2010.10.009","article-title":"Reproductive and developmental toxicities of zinc supplemented rats","volume":"31","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03903-2","article-title":"Heavy metals: toxicity and human health effects","volume":"99","author":"Jomova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.20382","article-title":"The genetics of essential metal homeostasis during development","volume":"46","author":"Kambe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173577","article-title":"Mercury-induced toxicity: mechanisms, molecular pathways, and gene regulation","volume":"943","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib94","series-title":"Toxicological Profile for Uranium","author":"Keith","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.11.006","article-title":"The relationship between mercury exposure and epigenetic alterations regarding human health, risk assessment and diagnostic strategies","volume":"52","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.109084","article-title":"Epigenetic toxicity of heavy metals - implications for embryonic stem cells","volume":"193","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21253","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151121253","article-title":"Nickel nanoparticles exposure and reproductive toxicity in healthy adult rats","volume":"15","author":"Kong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400701597766","article-title":"Human health risk assessment for aluminium, aluminium oxide, and aluminium hydroxide","volume":"10","author":"Krewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232720","article-title":"The role of glutathione and Sulfhydryl groups in cadmium uptake by cultures of the rainbow trout RTG-2 cell line","volume":"12","author":"Lange","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1148906","article-title":"The inter- and multi- generational epigenetic alterations induced by maternal cadmium exposure","volume":"11","author":"Lawless","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5595047","article-title":"Lead-induced motor dysfunction is associated with oxidative stress, proteome modulation, and neurodegeneration in motor cortex of rats","volume":"2021","author":"Le\u00e3o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7515","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157515","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cadmium-induced toxicity and its modification","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11040322","article-title":"Effects of endocrine-disrupting heavy metals on human health","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib104","article-title":"DNA methylation changes associated with prenatal mercury exposure: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies from PACE consortium","volume":"204","author":"Lozano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60189-2_2","article-title":"Manganese and developmental neurotoxicity","volume":"18","author":"Lucchini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106107","article-title":"Emerging health risks and underlying toxicological mechanisms of uranium contamination: lessons from the past two decades","volume":"145","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2024.104558","article-title":"Arsenic induced cardiotoxicity: an approach for molecular markers, epigenetic predictors and targets","volume":"111","author":"Mahadik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2023.105627","article-title":"Epigenetic modification impacting brain functions: effects of physical activity, micronutrients, caffeine, toxins, and addictive substances","volume":"171","author":"Mallick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-015-0458-2","article-title":"Mutagenic and carcinogenic actions of chromium and its compounds","volume":"20","author":"Mamyrbaev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.6.7.16250","article-title":"Environmental epigenetics in metal exposure","volume":"6","author":"Martinez-Zamudio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111752","article-title":"Different mechanisms of arsenic related signaling in cellular proliferation, apoptosis and neo-plastic transformation","volume":"208","author":"Medda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23929","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161023929","article-title":"Effect of metals, metalloids and metallic nanoparticles on microalgae growth and industrial product biosynthesis: a review","volume":"16","author":"Miazek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib113","first-page":"199","article-title":"Embryo toxic effects of depleted uranium on the morphology of the mouse fetus","volume":"13","author":"Mirderikvand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res. (IJPR)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13050333","article-title":"Assessing heavy metal contamination in food: implications for human health and environmental safety","volume":"13","author":"Mititelu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP14074","article-title":"Effects of developmental lead and phthalate exposures on DNA methylation in adult mouse blood, brain, and liver: a focus on genomic imprinting by tissue and sex","volume":"132","author":"Morgan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.139700","article-title":"A systematic review on metal contamination due to mining activities in the Amazon basin and associated environmental hazards","volume":"339","author":"Moulatlet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2532","article-title":"A barrier to understanding teratogenicity: the critical periods of sensitivity for Most structural birth defects precede the established hemochorial placenta","volume":"117","author":"Nangle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87677-y","article-title":"Transgenerational effects in DNA methylation, genotoxicity and reproductive phenotype by chronic arsenic exposure","volume":"11","author":"Nava-Rivera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2025.01.018","article-title":"Ameliorative role of bioactive compounds against lead-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"568","author":"Neha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.018","article-title":"Chromium genotoxicity: a double-edged sword","volume":"188","author":"Nickens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15081083","article-title":"Metallothionein and other factors influencing cadmium-induced kidney dysfunction: review and commentary","volume":"15","author":"Nordberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib122","series-title":"Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals","first-page":"319","article-title":"Interactions and mixtures in metal toxicology","author":"Nordberg","year":"2022"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5880","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245880","article-title":"Manganese accumulation in the brain via various transporters and its neurotoxicity mechanisms","volume":"25","author":"Nyarko-Danquah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3904","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA04639K","article-title":"Metal contamination - a global environmental issue: sources, implications & advances in mitigation","volume":"15","author":"Ondrasek","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2015.03.009","article-title":"Hip arthroplasty with high chromium and cobalt blood levels--Case report of a patient followed during pregnancy and lactation period","volume":"53","author":"Oppermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-024-00603-3","article-title":"Associations among environmental exposure to trace elements and biomarkers of early kidney damage in the pediatric population","volume":"37","author":"Ortega-Romero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.126715","article-title":"Effects of in utero exposure to multiple metal(loid)s on neonatal birth size and hormones in the growth hormone\/insulin-like growth factor axis: a mixture analysis","volume":"382","author":"Ou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14060718","article-title":"The role of zinc in developed countries in pediatric patients: a 360-Degree view","volume":"14","author":"Padoan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612222","article-title":"Lithium use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac malformations","volume":"376","author":"Patorno","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-006-0167-0","article-title":"Uranium induces oxidative stress in lung epithelial cells","volume":"81","author":"Periyakaruppan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/eep\/dvac022","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic interplay allows rapid transgenerational adaptation to metal pollution in zebrafish","volume":"8","author":"Pierron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Epigenet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131579","article-title":"Transgenerational endocrine disruptor effects of cadmium in zebrafish and contribution of standing epigenetic variation to adaptation","volume":"455","author":"Pierron","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210020","article-title":"Toxicity and biotransformation of carbon-based nanomaterials in Marine Microalgae Heterosigma akashiwo","volume":"24","author":"Pikula","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"6493","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba1510","article-title":"Global threat of arsenic in groundwater","volume":"368","author":"Podgorski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345-018-0135-7","article-title":"Lithium during pregnancy and after delivery: a review","volume":"6","author":"Poels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120940914","article-title":"Lithium exposure during pregnancy increases fetal growth","volume":"35","author":"Poels","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0284-9","article-title":"Biochemical and molecular alterations following arsenic-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in Rat brain","volume":"167","author":"Prakash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114029","article-title":"The environment and female reproduction: potential mechanism of cadmium poisoning to the growth and development of ovarian follicle","volume":"244","author":"Qu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117940","article-title":"Environmental arsenic exposure and its contribution to human diseases, toxicity mechanism and management","volume":"289","author":"Rahaman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-007-8005-7","article-title":"Importance of molar ratios in selenium-dependent protection against methylmercury toxicity","volume":"119","author":"Ralston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9020023","article-title":"Cognitive impairment induced by lead exposure during lifespan: mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity","volume":"9","author":"Ram\u00edrez Ortega","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"9822","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61452-9","article-title":"Selenium and human health","volume":"379","author":"Rayman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2011.08.145","article-title":"Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine against arsenic-induced oxidative stress and reprotoxicity in male mice","volume":"25","author":"Reddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2019.11.005","article-title":"Nickel toxicology with reference to male molecular reproductive physiology","volume":"20","author":"Rizvi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(03)00262-5","article-title":"The effects of arsenic exposure on the nervous system","volume":"145","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib146","first-page":"144","article-title":"Zinc and its importance for human health: an integrative review","volume":"18","author":"Roohani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib147","first-page":"212","article-title":"Lead exposure in children: failure to protect the Most vulnerable","volume":"29","author":"Sample","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.017","article-title":"Exposure of pregnant rats to uranium and restraint stress: effects on postnatal development and behavior of the offspring","volume":"228","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.26798","article-title":"Cadmium exposure and the epigenome: Exposure-associated patterns of DNA methylation in leukocytes from mother-baby pairs","volume":"9","author":"Sanders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.03.016","article-title":"Sex-dependent effects of lead and prenatal stress on post-translational histone modifications in frontal cortex and hippocampus in the early postnatal brain","volume":"54","author":"Schneider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01691955","article-title":"Dietary intake of lead and cadmium from foods in Tarragona Province, Spain","volume":"46","author":"Schuhmacher","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14466","article-title":"Multigenerational epigenetic inheritance in humans: DNA methylation changes associated with maternal exposure to lead can be transmitted to the grandchildren","volume":"5","author":"Sen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.12.58","article-title":"Epigenetics of early-life lead exposure and effects on brain development","volume":"4","author":"Senut","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu028","article-title":"Lead exposure disrupts global DNA methylation in human embryonic stem cells and alters their neuronal differentiation","volume":"139","author":"Senut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.021","article-title":"Effects of developmental lead exposure on the hippocampal methylome: influences of sex and timing and level of exposure","volume":"290","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122375","article-title":"Hexavalent-Chromium-Induced oxidative stress and the protective role of antioxidants against cellular toxicity","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468","article-title":"Metal and essential element concentrations during pregnancy and associations with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children","volume":"152","author":"Skogheim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn236","article-title":"Arsenic and cardiovascular disease","volume":"107","author":"States","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-024-01302-6","article-title":"Role of zinc in health and disease","volume":"24","author":"Stiles","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0054-z","article-title":"Oral Chromium exposure and toxicity","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2022.153136","article-title":"Heavy metals induced mitochondrial dysfunction in animals: molecular mechanism of toxicity","volume":"469","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2025GH001471","article-title":"Heavy metal exposure during pregnancy and its association with adverse birth outcomes: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"GeoHealth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6","article-title":"Heavy metal toxicity and the environment","volume":"101","author":"Tchounwou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exper. Suppl. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109439","article-title":"Size-dependent maternal-fetal transfer and fetal developmental toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles after oral exposures in pregnant mice","volume":"182","author":"Teng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173970","article-title":"Novel mechanistic insights into Cr(VI) and Cr(III) induced discrepancies of cellular toxicity and oxidative injury events in Eisenia fetida","volume":"944","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319104","article-title":"Exposure to arsenic and cognitive impairment in children: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2014.09.005","article-title":"The developmental neurotoxicity of arsenic: cognitive and behavioral consequences of early life exposure","volume":"80","author":"Tolins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Glob. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-014-0012-1","article-title":"The effects of arsenic exposure on neurological and cognitive dysfunction in human and rodent studies: a review","volume":"1","author":"Tyler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib169","article-title":"DNA methylation changes induced by prenatal toxic metal exposure: an overview of epidemiological evidence","volume":"7","author":"Vaiserman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Epigenet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0049-9","article-title":"The epigenetic effects of prenatal cadmium exposure","volume":"2","author":"Vilahur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3545","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21119-y","article-title":"Nickel and human sperm quality: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Vinnikov","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ant.2020.11.002","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of lead","volume":"5","author":"Virgolini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Neurotoxicol"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83975","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20150","article-title":"DNA mismatch repair protein Mlh1 is required for tetravalent chromium intermediate-induced DNA damage","volume":"8","author":"Wakeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233720918689","article-title":"Nanoparticles induced embryo-fetal toxicity","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810600840776","article-title":"Reproductive and developmental toxicity of arsenic in rodents: a review","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.01.001","article-title":"Cadmium-induced teratogenicity: association with ROS-Mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress in placenta","volume":"259","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib177","article-title":"Maternal zinc deficiency during pregnancy elevates the risks of fetal growth restriction: a population-based birth cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134878","article-title":"Epigenetic basis of lead-induced neurological disorders","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib179","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP15503","article-title":"Perinatal exposure to lead or diethylhexyl phthalate in mice: Sex-specific effects on cardiac DNA methylation and gene expression across time","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000115","article-title":"Selenium modifies associations between multiple metals and neurologic symptoms in gulf states residents","volume":"4","author":"Werder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122526","article-title":"Impact of zinc transport mechanisms on embryonic and brain development","volume":"14","author":"Willekens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2014.934439","article-title":"Systematic review of potential health risks posed by pharmaceutical, occupational and consumer exposures to metallic and nanoscale aluminum, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxide and its soluble salts","volume":"44","author":"Willhite","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106877","article-title":"Current understanding of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] neurotoxicity and new perspectives","volume":"158","author":"Wise","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2003.mpd0344","article-title":"Association between iron deficiency and blood lead level in a longitudinal analysis of children followed in an urban primary care clinic","volume":"142","author":"Wright","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4405-07.2008","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology in aged monkeys after infantile exposure to environmental metal lead (Pb): evidence for a developmental origin and environmental link for AD","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5100","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c07047","article-title":"The toxicity of Mercury and its chemical compounds: molecular mechanisms and environmental and human health implications: a comprehensive review","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154196","article-title":"Chronic low-level exposure to Pb, Hg, and Cd mixture triggers brain premature aging in rat","volume":"516","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57253-3","article-title":"Associations of prenatal metal exposure with child neurodevelopment and mediation by perturbation of metabolic pathways","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109879","article-title":"Maternal cadmium exposure during late pregnancy causes fetal growth restriction via inhibiting placental progesterone synthesis","volume":"187","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105688","article-title":"Essential trace elements in placental tissue and risk for fetal neural tube defects","volume":"139","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib192","article-title":"Prenatal uranium exposure and risk for fetal neural tube defects: a case-control study in women living in a rural area of northern China","volume":"424","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2020.1801575","article-title":"Aluminum reproductive toxicity: a summary and interpretation of scientific reports","volume":"50","author":"Yokel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390500196230","article-title":"The speciation of metals in mammals influences their toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics and therefore human health risk assessment","volume":"9","author":"Yokel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2025.111736","article-title":"Aluminum exposure disturbs epigenetic modification and organelle function during early embryo development","volume":"421","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010552","article-title":"Dietary strategies for the treatment of cadmium and lead toxicity","volume":"7","author":"Zhai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib197","article-title":"Metal nickel exposure increase the risk of congenital heart defects occurrence in offspring: a case-control study in China","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1001572","article-title":"Toxicity of metal-based nanoparticles: challenges in the nano era","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901561","article-title":"Maternal low-level lead exposure and fetal growth","volume":"118","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252010996","article-title":"Epigenetic modifications are involved in transgenerational inheritance of cadmium reproductive toxicity in mouse oocytes","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935126000319?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935126000319?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T08:39:24Z","timestamp":1781685564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935126000319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":199,"alternative-id":["S0013935126000319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Developmental toxicity of metals: Three decades of insights into mechanisms, epigenetics, and transgenerational inheritance","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2026.123703","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"123703"}}