{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T05:06:50Z","timestamp":1779944810667,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009318","name":"Helmholtz Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ER1511D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ER1511D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ER1801 A\/B\/C\/D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ER1801 A\/B\/C\/D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ER2301 A\/B\/C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ER2301 A\/B\/C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ER1301 A\/B\/C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ER1301 A\/B\/C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001664","name":"Leibniz-Gemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZT-I-PF-5-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZT-I-PF-5-42"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001664","name":"Leibniz-Gemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NAKO-597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NAKO-597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T16:49:54Z","timestamp":1771951794000},"page":"124096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Sex-specific individual and joint associations of multiple environmental exposures with diabetes and obesity in the population-based German National Cohort (NAKO)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"297","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6798-2630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona","family":"Niedermayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8435-5575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boya","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0826-1163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime E.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2813-2174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francine","family":"Laden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0269-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Bolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobia","family":"Lakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4559-9374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Schikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin Halina","family":"Greiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Staab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0346-3142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Dallavalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias B.","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2544-4460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Lieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"\u00d6verm\u00f6hle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thadd\u00e4us","family":"T\u00f6nnies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6509-6555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"Katzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8808-6667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heiko","family":"Becher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Leitzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Mayvaneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9108-3360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Keil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6089-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian","family":"Krist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9685-5369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina J.","family":"Klett-Tammen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7194-8673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana-Kristin","family":"Heise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Pischon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilais","family":"Moreno Vel\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00f6rge","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajini","family":"Nagrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Rach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Holleczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Harth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0903-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Obi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"K\u00f6ttgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1271-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Mikolajczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Meinke-Franze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6359-8797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1084-2442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4343-201X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrin","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108799","article-title":"Associations of long-term exposure to air pollution and noise with body composition in children and adults: results from the LEAD general population study","volume":"189","author":"Altug","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0089-y","article-title":"Impact of ambient air pollution on obesity: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-203767","article-title":"The association between green space and mental health varies across the lifecourse. A longitudinal study","volume":"68","author":"Astell-Burt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0176-8","article-title":"Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Bluher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108660","article-title":"Aircraft noise exposure and body mass index among female participants in two Nurses\u2019 Health Study prospective cohorts living around 90 airports in the United States","author":"Bozigar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-017-0916-0","article-title":"Sleep and cardio-metabolic disease","volume":"19","author":"Cappuccio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14146","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c03722","article-title":"Multiple environmental exposures and the development of hypertension in a prospective US-Based cohort of female nurses: a mixture analysis","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.02.003","article-title":"The global burden of metabolic disease: data from 2000 to 2019","volume":"35","author":"Chew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.036","article-title":"Spatial PM2.5, NO2, O3 and BC models for Western Europe - evaluation of spatiotemporal stability","volume":"120","author":"de Hoogh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010097","article-title":"Green space exposure association with type 2 diabetes mellitus, physical activity, and obesity: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"De la Fuente","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.01.002","article-title":"Urban green space and obesity in older adults: evidence from Ireland","volume":"4","author":"Dempsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib13","article-title":"Directive 2002\/49\/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise","year":"2002","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Communities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib14","series-title":"Methodological Manual on Territorial Typologies","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.03.027","article-title":"United States' neighborhood park use and physical activity over two years: the National Study of Neighborhood Parks","volume":"123","author":"Evenson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-020-03096-w","article-title":"Anthropometric measures in the German National Cohort-more than weight and height","volume":"63","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-018-0179-y","article-title":"A review of epidemiologic studies on greenness and health: updated literature through 2017","volume":"5","author":"Fong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"issue":"10397","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10440","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","article-title":"Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib21","article-title":"Traffic noise and adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies","author":"Gui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib22","article-title":"Air pollution, greenness and risk of overweight among middle-aged and older adults: a cohort study in China","volume":"216","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12631","article-title":"Association between particulate matter 2.5 and diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-024-01111-0","article-title":"Does residential address-based exposure assessment for outdoor air pollution lead to bias in epidemiological studies?","volume":"23","author":"Hoek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.693622","article-title":"Residential exposure to traffic is associated with coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"116","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0517-8","article-title":"Trends in educational inequalities in obesity in 15 European countries between 1990 and 2010","volume":"14","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Activ."},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib27","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and body weight status in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"265","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-020-03108-9","article-title":"[Assessment of self-reported cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in the German National Cohort (GNC, NAKO Gesundheitsstudie): methods and initial results]","volume":"63","author":"Jaeschke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforsch. - Gesundheitsschutz"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000724","article-title":"Interrelationships between walkability, air pollution, greenness, and body mass index","volume":"28","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05891-x","article-title":"Sex differences in type 2 diabetes","volume":"66","author":"Kautzky-Willer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5838","article-title":"A quantile-based g-Computation approach to addressing the effects of exposure mixtures","volume":"128","author":"Keil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.10.027","article-title":"Green space definition affects associations of green space with overweight and physical activity","volume":"160","author":"Klompmaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP3857","article-title":"Associations of combined exposures to surrounding green, air pollution, and road traffic noise with cardiometabolic diseases","volume":"127","author":"Klompmaker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052405","article-title":"Factors affecting obesity in urban and rural adolescents: Demographic, socioeconomic characteristics, health behavior and health education","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-020-03099-7","article-title":"[Physical activity in the German National Cohort (NAKO): use of multiple assessment tools and initial results]","volume":"63","author":"Leitzmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforsch. - Gesundheitsschutz"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-022-00922-3","article-title":"Association of physical activity and air pollution exposure with the risk of type 2 diabetes: a large population-based prospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111597","article-title":"Urban-rural differences in the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and obesity in China","volume":"201","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13078","article-title":"Greenspace with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies up to 2020","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-017-0283-6","article-title":"Brown adipose tissue: an update on recent findings","volume":"6","author":"Marlatt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.323584","article-title":"Transportation noise pollution and cardiovascular health","volume":"134","author":"Munzel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib41","article-title":"Sex-specific associations of environmental exposures with prevalent diabetes and obesity - results from the KORA Fit study","volume":"252","author":"Niedermayer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109566","article-title":"Associations of road traffic noise with adipose tissue depots and hepatic fat content - results from the German National Cohort (NAKO)","volume":"201","author":"Niedermayer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105661","article-title":"Urban and transport planning pathways to carbon neutral, liveable and healthy cities; A review of the current evidence","volume":"140","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.115062","article-title":"High-resolution spatiotemporal modeling of daily near-surface air temperature in Germany over the period 2000-2020","volume":"219","author":"Nikolaou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"10113","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3","article-title":"Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"390","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10431","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02750-2","article-title":"Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107015","article-title":"Machine learning approaches to characterize the obesogenic urban exposome","volume":"158","author":"Ohanyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1221325","article-title":"The association between outdoor air pollution and body mass index, central obesity, and visceral adiposity index among middle-aged and elderly adults: a nationwide study in China","volume":"14","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"9065","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)01211-7","article-title":"Increased plasma viscosity during an air pollution episode: a link to mortality?","volume":"349","author":"Peters","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-022-00890-5","article-title":"Framework and baseline examination of the German National Cohort (NAKO)","author":"Peters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1910","article-title":"Long-term exposure to transportation noise in relation to development of Obesity-a cohort study","volume":"125","author":"Pyko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-025-01219-8","article-title":"The baseline examinations of the German National Cohort (NAKO): recruitment protocol, response, and weighting","volume":"40","author":"Rach","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0190","article-title":"Air pollution and type 2 diabetes","volume":"61","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00361-3","article-title":"Air pollution exposure and cardiometabolic risk","volume":"12","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020704","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and health: an umbrella review of meta-analyses","volume":"18","author":"Rojas-Rueda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00316-4","article-title":"Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity","author":"Rubino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30119-5","article-title":"Association between adiposity outcomes and residential density: a full-data, cross-sectional analysis of 419 562 UK Biobank adult participants","volume":"1","author":"Sarkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib58","first-page":"21","article-title":"Overweight and obesity among adults in Germany - results from GEDA 2019\/2020-EHIS","volume":"7","author":"Schienkiewitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Health Monit"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-113","article-title":"Decline in air pollution and change in prevalence in respiratory symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in elderly women","volume":"11","author":"Schikowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03465.x","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes: pooled analysis of five population-based surveys in Germany","volume":"29","author":"Schunk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"issue":"115","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.4103\/nah.nah_21_22","article-title":"Impact of noise exposure on risk of developing stress-related metabolic effects: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Sivakumaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10197","article-title":"Environmental noise and effects on sleep: an update to the WHO systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2022_581","article-title":"Epidemiology of obesity","volume":"274","author":"Sorensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107570","article-title":"Air pollution, road traffic noise and lack of greenness and risk of type 2 diabetes: a multi-exposure prospective study covering Denmark","volume":"170","author":"Sorensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30409","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes, but not obesity, prevalence is positively associated with ambient temperature","volume":"6","author":"Speakman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.125475","article-title":"Pixels, chisels and contours - technical variations in European road traffic noise exposure maps","volume":"385","author":"Staab","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115975","article-title":"Early pregnancy phthalates and replacements in relation to fetal growth: the human placenta and phthalates study","volume":"229","author":"Stevens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159577","article-title":"An N-Shaped Association between population density and abdominal obesity","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib69","series-title":"International Standard Classification of Education ISCED 2011","year":"2012"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20866","article-title":"Ambient temperature and prevalence of obesity in the Spanish population: the Di@bet.es study","volume":"22","author":"Valdes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0818","article-title":"Ambient temperature and prevalence of diabetes and insulin resistance in the Spanish population: di@bet.es study","volume":"180","author":"Valdes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.10.005","article-title":"Association of residential greenness with obesity and physical activity in a US cohort of women","volume":"160","author":"Villeneuve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106364","article-title":"ENVINT-D-20-01309: Long-term exposure to air pollution, road traffic noise, residential greenness, and prevalent and incident metabolic syndrome: results from the population-based KORA F4\/FF4 cohort in Augsburg, Germany","volume":"147","author":"Voss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww157","article-title":"Ambient fine particulate matter, outdoor temperature, and risk of metabolic syndrome","volume":"185","author":"Wallwork","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36085","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09826-6","article-title":"Association between noise exposure and diabetes: meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib77","series-title":"Obesity : Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic : Report of a WHO Consultation","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib78","series-title":"Waist Circumference and Waist\u2013Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation Geneva, 8\u201311 December 2008 Geneva","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib79","series-title":"WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitOogen dNoxide, sDlfur dioSide anD carbon monCxide","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121259","article-title":"Environmental exposure assessment in the German National Cohort (NAKO)","volume":"273","author":"Wolf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2010.00749.x","article-title":"Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models","volume":"73","author":"Wood","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214296","article-title":"Air pollution as a cause of obesity: micro-level evidence from Chinese cities","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108817","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"180","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06824-1","article-title":"Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096_bib86","article-title":"Environmental mixtures and body mass index in two prospective US-based cohorts of female nurses","volume":"480","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S001393512600424X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S001393512600424X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T04:44:21Z","timestamp":1779943461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S001393512600424X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["S001393512600424X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sex-specific individual and joint associations of multiple environmental exposures with diabetes and obesity in the population-based German National Cohort (NAKO)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124096","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"124096"}}