{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T05:04:59Z","timestamp":1779512699558,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["714993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["714993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T07:45:58Z","timestamp":1774338358000},"page":"124346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and suicide risk: A national cohort in the Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"299","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0392-8915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Helbich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2586-6674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4138-9828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zorana J.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.08.043","article-title":"Combining individual and ecological data to determine compositional and contextual socio-economic risk factors for suicide","volume":"64","author":"Agerbo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107581","article-title":"Long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality from dementia, psychiatric disorders, and suicide in a large pooled European cohort: ELAPSE study","volume":"170","author":"Andersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/insr.12214","article-title":"A tutorial on multilevel survival analysis: methods, models and applications","volume":"85","author":"Austin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Stat. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.09.042","article-title":"Correlation of nitrogen dioxide with other traffic pollutants near a major expressway","volume":"42","author":"Beckerman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118245","article-title":"Air pollution exposure and depression: a comprehensive updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"292","author":"Borroni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP4595","article-title":"Air pollution (particulate matter) exposure and associations with depression, anxiety, bipolar, psychosis and suicide risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"Braithwaite","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.044","article-title":"Is there a link between air pollution and mental disorders?","volume":"118","author":"Buoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1017\/S146342361400036X","article-title":"Air pollution and your brain: what do you need to know right now","volume":"16","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prim. Health Care Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052669","article-title":"Inequalities of suicide mortality across urban and rural areas: a literature review","volume":"19","author":"Casant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.09.006","article-title":"Experimental examination of effectiveness of vegetation as bio-filter of particulate matters in the urban environment","volume":"208","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2020.104694","article-title":"Impairment of mitochondrial function by particulate matter: implications for the brain","volume":"135","author":"Chew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144882","article-title":"Association of suicide with short-term exposure to air pollution at different lag times: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"771","author":"Davoudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib13","series-title":"Monitoringsrapportage NSL 2020: Stand Van Zaken Nationaal Samenwerkingsprogramma Luchtkwaliteit","author":"De Smet","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib14","article-title":"Harm to human health from air pollution in Europe: burden of disease status","year":"2024","journal-title":"Briefing no. 21\/2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.08.004","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate pollution, sleep disturbance and their interaction effects on suicide attempts among Chinese adolescents","volume":"258","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.76","article-title":"Air pollution impairs cognition, provokes depressive-like behaviors and alters hippocampal cytokine expression and morphology","volume":"16","author":"Fonken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000314","article-title":"Choices of morbidity outcomes and concentration\u2013response functions for health risk assessment of long-term exposure to air pollution","volume":"8","author":"Forastiere","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115411","article-title":"Moving to greener pastures: health selection into neighborhood green space among a highly Mobile and diverse population in California","volume":"315","author":"Gailey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/81.3.515","article-title":"Proportional hazards tests and diagnostics based on weighted residuals","volume":"81","author":"Grambsch","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001464","article-title":"Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and mortality a longitudinal cohort study of 400,459 adults","volume":"33","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-212699","article-title":"Is suicide mortality associated with neighbourhood social fragmentation and deprivation? A Dutch register-based case-control study using individualised neighbourhoods","volume":"74","author":"Hagedoorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114690","article-title":"Longitudinal effects of physical and social neighbourhood change on suicide mortality: a full population cohort study among movers and non-movers in the Netherlands","volume":"294","author":"Hagedoorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib23","article-title":"Longitudinal exposure assessments of neighbourhood effects in health research: what can be learned from people\u2019s residential histories?","volume":"68, 102543","author":"Hagedoorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0069-5","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities and air pollution exposure: a global review","author":"Hajat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep. 2, 440\u2013450."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00513-6","article-title":"Particulate matter in the atmosphere: which particle properties are important for its effects on health?","volume":"249","author":"Harrison","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib26","series-title":"State of Global Air Report 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105982","article-title":"Greenery exposure and suicide mortality later in life: a longitudinal register-based case-control study","volume":"143","author":"Helbich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-024-01111-0","article-title":"Does residential address-based exposure assessment for outdoor air pollution lead to bias in epidemiological studies?","volume":"23","author":"Hoek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115320","article-title":"Neighborhood social context and suicide mortality: a multilevel register-based 5-year follow-up study of 2.7 million individuals","volume":"311","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2024.1607676","article-title":"Long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and ozone and mortality: update of the WHO air quality guidelines systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Kasdagli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2223","article-title":"Air pollution and suicide in 10 cities in northeast Asia: a time-stratified case-crossover analysis","volume":"126","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.11.053","article-title":"Marital status integration and suicide: a meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"197","author":"Kyung-Sook","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.210","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and completed suicide in 26 South Korean cities: effect modification by demographic and socioeconomic factors","volume":"639","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.008","article-title":"Attributable risk of psychiatric and socio-economic factors for suicide from individual-level, population-based studies: a systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9029","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12357-3","article-title":"Association between particulate matter air pollution and risk of depression and suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109755","article-title":"Long-term effects of ambient air pollutants on suicidal ideation in China: the Henan rural cohort Study","volume":"188","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.011","article-title":"Long-term exposure to air pollution and the risk of suicide death: a population-based cohort study","volume":"628","author":"Min","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-082508-094348","article-title":"Environmental justice","volume":"34","author":"Mohai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual review of environment and resources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l94","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l94","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016: systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"364","author":"Naghavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib39","series-title":"Atlas Leefomgeving","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.05.006","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and suicide in Tokyo, 2001\u20132011","volume":"201","author":"Ng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0268","article-title":"The integrated motivational--volitional model of suicidal behaviour","volume":"373","author":"O'Connor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16084-x","article-title":"Widening the knowledge of non-employment as a risk factor for suicide: a Norwegian register-based population study","volume":"23","author":"\u00d8ien-\u00d8degaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2024.1607683","article-title":"Long-term exposure to particulate matter and mortality: an update of the WHO global air guidelines systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Orellano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib44","series-title":"R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X11666131120230309","article-title":"Oxidative stress and psychological disorders","volume":"12","author":"Salim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib46","first-page":"2","article-title":"Coxme: mixed effects cox models","volume":"2","author":"Therneau","year":"2024","journal-title":"R package version"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0121-0","article-title":"Suicide and suicide risk","volume":"5","author":"Turecki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-value","volume":"167","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib49","series-title":"Large-Scale Air Quality Concentration and Deposition Maps in the Netherlands\u2014Report 2011","author":"Velders","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"Von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib51","series-title":"Measured and Calculated Concentrations of Nitrogen Oxides and Particulates in the Period 2010\u20132015 (Update)","author":"Wesseling","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11587","article-title":"Suicide and transportation noise: a prospective cohort study from Switzerland","volume":"131","author":"Wicki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib53","series-title":"Suicide Worldwide in 2019: Global Health Estimates. Geneva","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2022.10.011","article-title":"Air pollution, depressive and anxiety disorders, and brain effects: a systematic review","author":"Zundel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology 93, 272-300"}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935126006778?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935126006778?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T04:12:28Z","timestamp":1779509548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935126006778"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0013935126006778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and suicide risk: A national cohort in the Netherlands","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124346","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"124346"}}